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Transkripsi

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2 Z ultr K s Otu rss srs Lg tr butr zlt gbl sl t j skl hgg t kurv st kstrs fflu C) =, g/l ssu str r u Su Nurul ) gsrs lg ZII) Zlt stss r bu sr btubr T I t) t B th Dr lt trsbut kthu bhw zlt trsbut u ghlgk lg b rt ZII) hgg 99,74% Rhyu Hryt 7) gguk zlt utuk yr lg brt lbh r trur yk grg bks ustr kl kruuk sr b th Effss ysh lg tgg 7,59%) rlh ukur zlt -4 sh brt 8 gr Sryt Tslh ) lt ktk srs bsiii) zlt l trfks - rktbztsl ggu s brb rlku fsk trh zlt l ybbk rlku srs r srb trh bsiii) brb ul Zlt lh sutu js rl trsusu r slk SO4) lu lo4) rgg- rgg ly brs - lg, bsy lg lkl lkl th, lkul r Dbg zlt l, z lt stts lbh suk kr lbh ktf, slktf stbl bgk zlt l st ggu rl zlt sk gkt, bk ggu l ustr kl hgg ustr brskl b sr Ulfh kk, 6) Slh stu zlt stts lh Zlt 4 Suh ) tlh stss zlt 4 r fly sh swt Ks t rbk utuk stss Zlt 4 ytu ur slk lu rbg vlu 6/4, wktu guk rkt j wktu s gl 8 j Zlt 4 lk ksts tukr lbh bsr bgk t zlt l, shgg srb hrk t ghlgk lg brt srt trkug l lbh ustr lt brtuju utuk tk ks rss tu kt guk trtur) srs lg srb zlt 4 stss r f ly sh s wt) gguk t Rss Surf th- C trl Cst Dsg Bh t B h lt Bh guk lt ytu f ly sh s wt, N OH, l OH), qus, HNO %, NO H, SO4 lt- lt guk ytu rktr tgk brguk, f ur, v, tbg ltk, lbu ukur, gls l, gls ukur, w rubl, guk kk, t htr, vku, rg buhr, krts srg, k rts H, s tu st lt sktrttr sr t, stu st lt guk l strk, wtr bth s twth rrs Zlt 4 Bh bku guk utuk rrs zlt 4 lh tru slkt tru lut Lrut tru slkt but lbur 5 gr f ly sh swt 6,5 gr NOH krg trtur 5 s l 5 j Stlh g, lbur trsbut br qus l brk sl 4 j gr lrut sur Lrut ku srg rk s 5 l Suh, ) Lrut tru lut but lrutk,5 gr NOH l l qus K l lrut tu suk sbyk,65 gr loh) sbl uk Stlh su loh) lrut ku rk s 5 l Suh, ) rrs zlt 4 gkut rsur tlh lkuk lh Suh ) urk tru lut tru slkt rbg v lu 6/4 sukk tru lut rlh- l h s bl uk s l j hgg ur h g t rbtuk g l brwr uth G l sk v suhu 8 C sl 8 j Sljuty gl srg u E trbtuk u qus hgg H trl E krgk gguk v suhu C sl j Zlt 4 krktrss t s ktrsk frrh frks sr X srs Lg rss srs lkuk sr b th lkuk g th sbg brkut : but lrut uk SO4, llu ukur k strs wly S Lrut uk SO4 bl sbyk l k u rk lbu ukur l kstrs sukk k l bkr glss tur kt guk trtur y, llu ukur kstrs wl s C) Ku sukk zlt 4, ukur k strs khr C) sbl r wktu k stbgy 4 Stlh t wktu kstbg, ku ljutk rss srs utuk kt guk trtur ly srt l gkh r 5 rsts ffss jr t ttuk g ruus : C C % Effs s= x ) C K trg : C = Kstrs stlh jr = Kstrs sblu jr C 4 rrs Zlt 4 Rg lss t lkuk rk RS R s Surf th) RS lh skuul t ttk tkk- tkk sttstk brtuju but l lkuk lss g rs gruh lh bbr vrbl Utuk uhk rhtug l glh t, rtg vrbl rss kk k l rtg - 44,,,44) Shgg hubug tr vrbl C 6

3 Tk blg Vl III N : 5 9 ISSN: rss ξ), vrbls X) t ytk s rt rs brkut tgry, 99) X ) hgh lw D: ξ = ξ h gh + ξ l w) / Julh tuh utuk rg rb g gguk RS t lht Tbl T bl Tuh rg rb R u N turl Vrbl C Vrbl X X ,44 8 -,44 4 -,44 66,44 rhtug ts srs lg zlt 4 trh gruh kt guk trtur t ttuk r l tts kfs- kfs l rs gguk r u ytu : y x x X x x ) x Hsl bhs Zlt 4 guk sbg srb lt krktrss frks sr x Dfrktgr zlt 4 hsl rrs tlk Gbr zlt 4 str urt, kk, 99) tlk Gbr G br l frks zlt hsl r rs Gbr l frks str zlt 99) 4 r urt Dr rbg frktgr tlk Gbr, trlht bhw l frks zlt rrs rbg vlu rkt 6/4 trtur s g l 8 C lk l suut θ y g hr s l suut θ zlt 4 str, k t sulk bhw zlt hsl rrs lh zlt 4 H sl yr Zlt 4 yr zlt 4 gguk lrut uk kstrs 97,74 hsl yr lg F t lk Tbl Ku htug rs ffss r yr lg gguk rs ) tlk Tbl T bl Hsl yr l g K Kstrs Tr guk wl N tur s r) C) ) Kstrs khr ) 67,8,9 6 78,6, 8 7,57 5,79 4 7,97,6 5 7,8, 7 6 7,49, ,7 9, ,59 7, ,77, ,47 8, ,6,5 8 7,44,8 7

4 Z ultr K s Otu rss srs Lg T bl rs ffss yr l g N N l Sbry V rbl ls Kg Tr Kg T uk tur uk r tur r) C ) X X % Effss ) , , 6-85, ,87 5 9, 6 95,9 7 94, , ,44 86,5 8 -,44 96,8 5 -,44 87,46 66,44 75,4 Tbl trlht bhw trjy uru kstrs II) wl s r kstrs wl l rut uk rubh kstrs kbtk s t s, F II) s ulft k hlg r k rstlss k rstl h ju sl ubh j t k tr kug hrt B h hrt k lsk s ulfur ks u uth b lrg trks, k gglk wr klt krh b ru b s III) ks, shgg kstrs r II) k brkurg, 7) rs ffss yr lh srb zlt 4 tlk Tbl Brsrk t ts, l ggbrk hubug tr y jr vrbl bbs kt guk trtur) lh : % jr = 94,78 -,9 X 6,76 X + 4,9 XX Trh rs ts, lkuk guj l rgrs guj l lkuk r Kurw, 8) ytu : U j Sult l Rgrs Uj F) Hsl guj l rgrs sr sult h ts sbg brkut : H : β = β = = βk = H : βj utuk lg skt stu j S ttstk uj F ɑ = 5 % t sulk bhw kfs rgrs β) ytu kt guk trtur lk gruh t rh y jr b U j rsl K r uj sult uj F) t bhw kfs rgrs β) tk lk gruh trh y jr, k sljuty k slk kfs sgfk l Dg sttstk uj t = 5%, t kthu bhw kfs β) l y g lk gruh trh y jr lh trtur X), trtur kurtk X ), trks kt guk trtur XX ) gbl Kutus -v lu Dg - v lu, kfs β) l lk gruh trh jr lh trtur X ), trtur kurtk X ) trks kt guk trtur XX ) U tuk lht vsulss gruh sg sg vrbl trh y jr sr lbh jls t lht Gbr 4 sjk l btuk lt ktur lt rs ruk Vrbl tu rlh kt guk X) r trtur X) 87 C ku y jr srb sbsr 97,49 % Ctur lt y jr vs trtur; k guk trtur,,5, -,5 -, -, G br Ktur gruh Kt guk T rtur y jr G br 4 Rs ruk gruh kt guk t rtur 4 K sul -,5,,5 k guk k guk Dr hsl lt t rlh bbr k sul sbg brkut : guj l rgrs rlh kt guk trtur lk gruh t rh y jr Zlt 4 stss r fly sh s wt Drlh l vrbl tu utuk kt guk X) r trtur X) 87 C g ku y jr sbsr 97,49 %, - trtur y jr < > 95 Surf lt y jr vs trtur; k guk 8

5 Tk blg Vl III N : 5 9 ISSN: D ftr ustk rs, D l, 4 uru Kr Bs lh Zlt l rg sr Ktyu Jurus Tkk Lgkug FTS- I TS I rt,, B Ns rul, D rbw 5 lss T gkt B hy E rs D sub DS r Jur- l lt XIV ): 8-4 tgry, DC 99 Dsg lyss E xrts Nw Yrk, J Wly & Ss urt,, kr, Bst, J & tr, L 99 Syss zlts fr rlly tvt klt s bsrvts ult grwth ublt Brussls- B lgu 9 R hyu, S, Hryt, N 7 Uj Ku Z- lt l yshk Lg Lbh Cr T rur yk Grg Bks Rl, KK 98 Txtbk htgrtry Bk Oxfr IBH ublshg C Dlh-Bby- C lut 5 Nw Sryt Tslh Ktk srs Bs III) Dl u r Zlt l Trfks - rktbztsl U vrsts Dgr, Srg S uh, Stss Zlt 4 r F ly sh swt Vrs L guk Trtur s Gl Lr lt Jurus Tkk K Fkults Tkk U vrsts R u, kbru Su, W, Nurul, W srs I Lg ZII) Zlt Dstss r bu Dsr Btubr T I t t B th Jurus K Fkults ttk Ilu gthu l Isttut T klg Suluh N br Sys, C, v Rst, E Dbvy, J Brrt 99 L vlut: r rqurts rgs f grulturl Ulfh, El r, F lf Ysur, Ist 6 Ots but Ktls Zlt X r T ws, NOH Wtr G lss g Rss S urf thlgy Uvrsts Dgr, S rg 9