Daftar Pustaka. 2. Haile, S. M., (2003), Fuel cell materials and components, Acta Materialia, 51,

Transkripsi

1 Daftar Pustaka 1. Wikipedia, tanggal akses 26 Juni Haile, S. M., (23), Fuel cell materials and components, Acta Materialia, 51, Wikipedia, tanggal akses 26 Mei Wagner, N., Application of Impedance Spectroscopy: Fuel Cell, In Impedance Spectroscopy Theory, Experiment, and Applications, E. Barsoukov and J. R. Macdonald, (25), 2 nd edition, Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey, Harvey, D., (2), Modern Analytical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 394; Kurita, K., (21), Controlled Functionalization of The Polysaccharide Chitin, Prog. Polym. Sci., 26, Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., (1977), 3 rd edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, ; Shahidi, F. and Synowiecki, J., (1991), Isolation and Characterization of Nutrients and Value-Added Products from Snow Crab (Chinoecetes opilio) and Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Processing Discards, J. Agric. Food Chem., 39(8), Miao, J., Chen, G., Gao, C., Lin, C., Wang, D. and Sun, M., (26), Preparation and characterization of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC)/polysulfone (PS) composite nanofiltration membranes, J. Memb. Sci., 28, Kurita, K., (26), Chitin and Chitosan: Functional Biopolymers from Marine Crustaceans, Marine Biotechnology, 8, Mulder, M., (1996), Basic Principles of Membrane Technology, 2 nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 12-18; 22-49; Haile, S. M., (23), Fuel cell materials and components, Acta Materialia, 51,

2 13. Wan, Y., Creber, K. A. M., Peppley, B. and Bui, V. T., (23), Ionic conductivity of chitosan membranes, Polymer, 44, Ledyastuti, M., (27), Tesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Suendo, V., Minagawa, M. and Tanioka, A., (22), Membrane potential of a bipolar membrane: the effect of concentration perturbation of the intermediate phase around a certain value, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 52, Macdonald, J. R. and Johnson, W. B., Fundamentals of Impedance Spectroscopy, In Impedance Spectroscopy Theory, Experiment, and Applications, E. Barsoukov and J. R. Macdonald, (25), 2 nd edition, Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey, Austin, P. R., Chitin Solution, U. S. Patent, No , Li, Z., Zhuang, X. P., Liu, X. F., Guan, T. L. and Yao, K. D., (22), Study on antibacterial O-carboxymethylated chitosan/cellulose blend film from LiCl/N,Ndimethylacetamide solution, Polymer, 43, Khan, T. A., Peh, K. K. and Ch'ng, H. S., (22), Reporting Degree of Deacetylation Values of Chitosan: The Influence of Analytical Methods, J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 5(3), Daniels, F., Alberty, R. A., Williams, J. W., Cornwell, C. D., Bender, P. and Harriman, J. E., (197), Experimental Physical Chemistry, 7 th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, ; Sun, S. F., (24), Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules, 2 nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, Zhang, X., Benavente, J. and Garcia-Valls, R., (25), Lignin-based membranes for electrolyte transference, Journal of Power Sources, 145, Chen, L., Tian, Z. and Du, Y., (24), Synthesis and ph sensitivity of carboxymethyl chitosan-based polyampholyte hydrogels for protein carrier matrices, Biomaterials, 25, Billmeyer, F. W., (1994), Textbook of Polymer Science, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore 25. Smitha, B., Sridhar, S. and Khan, A. A., (25), Chitosan sodium alginate polyion complexes as fuel cell membranes, European Polymer Journal, 41,

3 Lampiran 46

4 Lampiran A Penentuan Massa Molekul Rata-Rata Kitosan Secara Viskometri ( t = 3,67 s Pelarut CH 3 COOH 1% (v/v) C (g/1 ml) t rata-rata (s) (1 ml/g),5 3,8,364 7,2727,122 4,1,1182 9,687,217 4,6, ,732,512 6,5, , η sp /C (1 ml/g) ,,1,2,3,4,5 C (g/1 ml) Dari kurva tersebut diperoleh persamaan garis y = 158,1x + 7,382 [η] = 7,382 [η] =, dengan K = 1, dan,83 Jadi, 7,382 = 1,46 1-4, 4,65 1 g/mol 47

5 Lampiran B Penentuan Derajat Deasetilasi Kitosan a. Spektrum serapan inframerah kitosan deasetilasi 1 4 jam 97.5 %T Khitosan Sampel /cm A 345 =,426 A 1655 =,1717 % N-deasetilasi = 1 % = 1, % = 69,68 %,,, 48

6 b. Spektrum serapan inframerah kitosan deasetilasi 2 4 jam 1 %T Khitosan /cm A 345 =,3999 A 1655 =,891 % N-deasetilasi = 1 % = 1, % = 83,23 %,,, 49

7 Lampiran C Spektrum Serapan Inframerah Kitin, Karboksimetil a. Spektrum serapan inframerah kitin kitin dan Karboksimetil kitosan 1 %T sampel /cm b. Spektrum serapan inframerah karboksimetil kitin metode heterogen 1 %T sampel /cm 5

8 c. Spektrum serapan inframerah karboksimetil kitosan 1 %T sampel /cm 51

9 Lampiran D Kurva Analisis Termogravimetri (TGA) dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) a. Kitosan TGA 52

10 DSC 53

11 b. Karboksimetil Kitosan TGA 54

12 DSC 55

13 Lampiran E Analisis Potensial Membran a. Kitosan C 1 (mol L -1 ) C 2 (mol L -1 ) φ (mv),1,1,1,1 2,1,1,1 9,4,1 1-6,5 25 Data Eksperimen Hasil Fitting 2 15 Δφ (mv) Data: DataChi_B Model: TMS Cation Exchange Chi^2 = Temp 298 ± C.1 ± QX.45 ±.9 W ± E-3,1,1 1 C 2 (mol L -1 ) Curve fitting terhadap persamaan Teorell-Meyer-Sievers memberikan nilai Q + X + sebesar,45 mol L -1 dan W sebesar -,

14 b. Karboksimetil Kitosan C 1 (mol L -1 ) C 2 (mol L -1 ) φ (mv),1,1,1,1 19,2,1 1 2,2,1 2-3, Karboksimetil Kitosan (Hasil Fitting) Karboksimetil Kitosan (Data Eksperimen) 25 2 Δφ (mv) Data: DataCMChi_B Model: TMS Cation Exchange Chi^2 =.35 Temp 298 ± C.1 ± QX.658 ±.1 W ± E-3,1,1 1 C 2 (mol L -1 ) Curve fitting terhadap persamaan Teorell-Meyer-Sievers memberikan nilai Q + X + sebesar,658 mol L -1 dan W sebesar -,

15 Lampiran F Analisis Permeabilitas Metanol a. Kitosan Waktu (s) Luas Puncak Metanol (a.u.) 6,43 12,668 18,997 24,127 3, ,166 42,26 48,226 54,1933 6,277 Koefisien permeabilitas diperoleh dengan mengalurkan kurva dengan persamaan C f Ap ln t C = V. Dari kurva diperoleh persamaan garis: f C ln f terhadap t sesuai C 6 y = 3, x +, 256 Dengan diameter membran 4,3 cm dan V f = 1 cm 3 diperoleh p = 2, cm s -1. Permeabilitas terhadap metanol diperoleh melalui persamaan P Jadi, P = 5, cm 2 s -1. = pl, dengan l =,21 mm. 58

16 ,25,2,15 -ln(c f /C ),1,5, t (s) b. Karboksimetil Kitosan Waktu (s) Luas Puncak Metanol (a.u.),129 6, , ,426 24,4364 3, ,772 42, Koefisien permeabilitas diperoleh dengan mengalurkan kurva dengan persamaan C f Ap ln t C = V. Dari kurva diperoleh persamaan garis: f C ln f terhadap t sesuai C 5 y = 1, x +,

17 Dengan diameter membran 4,3 cm dan V f = 1 cm 3 diperoleh p = 9, cm s -1. Permeabilitas terhadap metanol diperoleh melalui persamaan P Jadi, P = 2, cm 2 s -1. = pl, dengan l =,24 mm.,8,7,6,5 -ln(c f /C ),4,3,2,1, -, t (s) 6

18 Lampiran G Kurva Konduktivitas a. Kitosan Kurva Bode Regresi Linier 1 Regresi Linier 2 Z' (Ω) f (Hz) Frekuensi ambang dan tahanan saat frekuensi ambang diperoleh dari perpotongan antara persamaan regresi linier 1 dengan persamaan regresi linier 2. Kurva Nyquist Z'' (Ω) Z' (Ω) 61

19 b. Karboksimetil Kitosan Kurva Bode Z' (Ω) f (Hz) Kurva Nyquist Z'' (Ω) Z' (Ω) 62