PEGEDAA OPMA PADA PEAGAA UERKUO DUA RA ma Haaf Emal : lma@maemaa.s.ac. Malja Ema Way Jsa Maemaa FMPA- abaya ARAK Pegeala beloss a sa lae a mela meaa sala sa alas a eo egeala omal. ja a egeala aala megag jmla g beloss yag ebal / aa eaa oba. ala sa eagaa yag aa laa aga jmla g sa eseb beag aala ega meggaa emoea. am eea beloss measa al c memaa wa a baya gg. Paa maala baas eagaa beloss yag omal aa moel eseb ega ool yag gaa aala yag mewal a e eagaa ega memembaga saeg ool omal yag ega wa a aa selesaa secaa me ega meggaa sema bea gga. Kaa c : beloss, a egeala omal. Peala Paa saa ogam ool beloss ela fosa aa emoea aea agya vas efef. Peagaa abo aa ase af memela wa yag ja leb lama a baya yag leb gg aaa aa meea yag efes ega sesf ea belm beembag meja eya. ela emoea, A asl aa Asam jga mas baya gaa, am A mas eaa eaga. Kagya esesaa alam eagaa a aya megabaa eamba ea jga eembaga yag ebal eaa abo. Pegaga ass yag sesf aa obaobaa bsa eole ega case olg, yag mej aa avas a e yag aa memasa eeaa emaaa oba ega wa yag c aga bsa semb, aa ega case fg, yag mej aa efas v yag secaa lae efes ega sesf yag beeso gg megembaga eya a yag meaaa emaja ega aaya eves ecegaa. Peagaa ecegaa aa megag se yag sesf aa oba-obaa a ega ema secaa a lagsg megag se yag aa aa oba-obaa. aya alam memfaslas case fg a case olg bebea-bea egag baya fao. Msalya aa case olg bsa saga meaag
aea aaya faa bawa emoea as laa selama bebeaa bla memasa aaya esemba yag emae, am ase basaya sa measa semb aya seela bebeaa ea eagaa a segal bee megosms oba. Paa case fg, amaa ecegaa eembaga eya ega ea ecegaa aa oag yag secaa lae efes ega sesf. eaa bebeaa meoe case fg. Case fg af, yag mej aa meoe efas ass maa oa ase/eyea saf eama laa ole eyea layaa eseaa, seaga case fg asf, yag mej aa meoe efas ass maa oa ase/eyea saf eama laa ole ase. ja a eela aala megomala eagaa aga megag jmla g sa yag aa aa oba aasa yag gaa alam emasalaa aas aala moel megagga bawa v alam aa lae megembaga af aa la ee, oos v yag awa ega af a mega eawaa, a v bsa efes aya melal oa ega v yag eyaya mela. Paa maala baas eag saeg ool omal yag ega wa ega case olg a case fg aa moel a sa yag embaga alamya. Usaa case fg gabga ega meambaa syaa ool yag megefas a meyemba sa fas v lae segga jmla v yag eyaya beembag bsa beag. Usaa case olg gabga ega meambaa syaa ool yag bsa megag jmla egagala eawaa v ega sesf af segga se aaya yag aa aa oba-obaa bsa ag a aa selesaa secaa me ega meggaa sema bea gga. Moel sem Dbea moel a sa sebaga be : Λ µ
Memmala efomace ex be : f J, [ ] Aa bsa ls masmala f J, [ ] Dmaa : : beoes eea : lae, efes ega mm, ea a mela Λ β β β : besfa mela ega as : lae, efes ega sa yag aa oba ea a mela : besfa mela ega yag aa aa oba : awa ega efef : + + + + + : jmla eme : jmla v yag beoes ela : v yag awa meja efes ole v yag -ya mela : jmla v yag a efes meja efes ole sa aa oba yag mela. µ : jmla emaa alam e aa. : jmla emaa e aa yag sebaba ole eya aa mm : jmla emaa e aa yag sebaba ole eya aa yag aa oba. :jmla v yag meggala ass lae : jmla v yag ejag mela : jmla eawaa v yag meea lae yag mela 3
: jmla eawaa v yag meea mm yag mela : mewal fas mm aa v lae yag eefas a yag aa bea eawaa. - : saa yag mecega egagala eawaa aa eea mm yag mela + : oos meea yag awa aea meea mela a a meyemaa eawaa +. easaa eba yag yaaa alam be la aa acag eea efomace maemas aa efomace ex, selajya ayaa meea sols yag megomala efomace ex. Paa sya, ja a omal cool aala meea sgal yag aa oses alam la a meme osa fs. Kema, aa wa yag sama aa ea esm masmm/mmm yag sesa ega eea efomace ex. Peaa emasalaa be : max f x,, eala x g x,, x x a b Pesamaa Hamloa yag ebe H f x,, g x,, aya omal maa as meme esamaa H. f x,, g x,, aa eole omal cool. Pesamaa eaaa x H H x x x a...
5 Aa ea, sebelm melaa eyelesaa omal cool aa sa moel maa eleb al seasya laa efas megea esses omal cool. Ja la alam eaaa o a ebaas, ema fgs aa egal efomace ex as cocave a ebaas maa esses omal cool aa efas. ea, ool yag aa ema as eaaa ovex a e. Peyelesaa omal ool H= g Dmaa g meaa esamaa feesal sebela aa a vaabel eaaa e-, segga meja : H 5 3 easaa s omal aa : H a H, egga eole :. U omal cool H Kaea b a, maa aa ls,, m b a mas. U omal cool H
Kaea b a, maa aa ls,, m b a mas ols me Pesamaa sae selesaa ega meggaa meoe bea gga maj. Pesamaa ajo selesaa ega meggaa meoe bea gga m.
7 3 3 3 5 5 5,.95.5, m mas,.95.5, m mas Da gamba yag bea, asmsa bawa fao eyembag yag asosasa ega ool leb besa aa sama ega fao eyembag yag asosasa ega ool. Aggaa beasaa faa bawa baya yag asosasa ega ool aa megseaa baya ogam emlaa a eagaa, a baya yag asosasa ega aa megseaa baya eagaa ase ma sa aa megm oag megawas ase aga melega masa eawaaya. Paa gamba, fao bobo, = 5 a =, l meggambaa saeg eagaa omal. Paamee la bea aa abel bawa.
abel. Paamee a laya Paamee la β 3 β 3 β.9 M.3.5.. 3 Λ µ 7/ 3/ / / / / abel. Paamee Komas Paamee Komas Wa a ymbol f 5 a Das wa D. a aas aas ool.95 aas bawa ool.5 Fao bea yag asosasa ega 5 Fao bea yag asosasa ega 8
Paa gamba meja saeg eagaa omal ass aas. Paa gamba aas, cool va aa a cool va s-s lo sebaga fgs wa. Paa gamba, fas v yag efes aa oba, /, ega cool va aa a aa ool va s -s lo. Paa gamba = 3 a =.9 yag l. Paamee laya eaa aa able a.. Jmla oal v, + yag efes yag aa aa oba-obaa aa wa a f = 5 a aala 997 alam ass ega ool alamya a 75 aa ass aa ool alamya, a ass oal aa oba cega aa a ogam ool aala 378 = 75 997..9.8.7 Cools..5..3...5.5.5 3 3.5.5 5 mes yeas Gamba Kool a.. W cool Wo cool. +/.8....5.5.5 3 3.5.5 5 mes yeas Gamba Pebaga olas ega ool a aa ool 9
Kesmla Da aalsa yag laa aa moel a sa, maa aa eole esmla sebaga be :. Paa aalss cool omal aa ea bawa :ool a sa aala m mas a,, b m mas a,, b. Hasl ega me meja eefefa ool yag aa bsa megag jmla eea sebaya 378 oag alam wa 5 a. DAFAR PUAKA [] Cale, P. 983. eame of becloss: Case olg Ul Ce. WHO//83. Wo Heal Ogazao, Geeva,. [] Cavez, C., a Z. Feg. 997. o ea O o o ea : e Case of becloss. J. Maemacal ology, 35, 9-59. [3] Jg, E., ea,., a Feg, Z.. Omal Cool Of eame A wo-a becloss Moel. Dscee A Coos Dyamcal sems ees Volme mbe.,. 73-8. [] ews, F. 98. Omal Cool. Geoga : cool Of Egeg Geoga se of ecology Alaa. [5] Poyag,., olyas, V. G, Gamelze, R. V, a Msceo, E.F. 9. e Maemacal eoy Of Omal Pocesse. Wley, ew Yo. [] Recma,.., a Hesfel, E... becloss A Comeesve eaoal Aoac. Dee, ew Yo [7]ao.. Rge-Ka Oe Ema, <www.syao.fsa..e/lac/omas_es_3.f > [8] WHO.. becloss aegy a Oeao<www.wo./gb/os>