ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK. Program S2 Transportasi PPS UNHAS

Transkripsi

1 ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK Program S2 Transportasi PPS UNHAS Oktober 2011

2 Summary Apakah itu public policy atau Kebijakan Publik? Mengapa Kita Perlukan Kebijakan Publik? Tipologi Kebijakan Publik Idiologi dan Kebijakan Publik Teori Kebijakan

3 Apakah itu Kebijakan Publik? Wilson: The authoritative statements or actions of government which reflect the decisions, values, or goals of policymakers.

4 Kebijakan Publik Peters: Public policy is the sum of government activities, whether pursued directly or through agents, as those activities have an influence on the lives of citizens.

5 What is Public Policy? The combination of basic decisions, commitments, and actions made by those who hold or affect government positions of authority. (Gerston) What governments do. (Dye)

6 Singkat Cerita Kebijakan Publik tidak hanya terbatas pada legislasi (peraturan) Kebijakan Publik adalah Suatu Proses.

7 3 Level Kebijakan Pilihan-pilihan Penetapan Keputusan ( policy statements ) Keluaran Tindakan ( policy activities ) Dampak (Impacts) Efeknya pada kehidupan masuarakat

8 Tahapan Proses Kebijakan Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation) Perumusan Agenda Penetapan Kebijakan Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Evaluasi Kebijakan Formulasi Ulang Masalah (policy feedback)

9 The Stages of the Policy Process Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation) Penetapan Agenda Pilihan Pennetapan Kebijakan Pelaksanaan Kebijakan OUTPUTS Evaluasi Kebijakan Dampak Perumusan Ulang Masalah (policy feedback)

10 Contoh: Kebijakan Monorail Perumusan masalah (Issue formation) Agenda Penetapan Kebijakan Pelaksanaan Evaluasi Perumusan Ulang Masalah Program mengatasi perlalulintasan Kemudahan Investasi Monorail Hemat bbm 20% Hemat waktu 25%

11 Mengapa Kita Perlukan Kebijakan Publik?

12 Tipologi Kebijakan Kebijakan Simbolik Emotional appeal; embodies values/ideals Kebijakan Substantif Transfer of resources; significant impact Kebijakan Prosedural Outlines the steps in a process

13 Tipologi Kebijakan Tipologi Kebijakan (Lowi) Distributif allocate benefits to the larger population; costs tend to be widely dispersed too Redistributif allocate benefits to a narrow, targeted population (the poor); costs tend to be targeted as well (the rich) Regulatoris competitive (regulation of market competition) and protective (protection of public from perceived harm)

14 Teori Kebijakan State-Centered Theories Focus on government actors (organizations, key individuals) as the primary initiators of change

15 Teori Kebijakan Decision Theory Rational Decision Making Incremental Decision Making

16 Teori Kebijakan Pluralist Theory (of Democracy) Assumptions While not everyone votes, nearly everyone belongs to or is represented by organization(s) These organizations represent the political interests of their members Government is responsive to politically organized interests No single group wins all the time Interest group competition

17 Teori Kebijakan Teori Elitisme (of Democracy) Key assumption There exists a dominant class (elites) who monopolize political power Ordinary citizens (the masses) have relatively little power over matters that are of concern to elites

18 Tahapan Kebijakan Perumusan Masalah (Issue formation) Agenda Penetapan Kebijakan Implementasi kebijakan Evaluasi Reformulasi (feedback to problem definition)

19 Perumusan Masalah Bagaimana Issu Kebijakan Muncul? a critical event (or set of events) that converts a routine problem into a widely shared, negative public response. (Gerston, 23)

20 Mekanisme Pemicu Munculnya Issu Kebijakan Skope = orang yang terpengaruh Intensitas = dirasa penting Waktu = lamanya waktu kejadian Policy issues most likely to progress through the policy process when scope and intensity are high, and the critical event(s) happens quickly. Triggering mechanisms constitute linkage between the perception of a problem and demand for political action.

21 Mekanisme Pemicu Munculnya Issu Kebijakan Internal - natural catastrophes, economic calamities, technological breakthroughs, social evolution vs. External acts of war, indirect conflicts, economic confrontations, balance of power Planned vs. Unplanned

22 Tipe Agenda Agenda Publik Issues which have received a high level of public interest and visibility (Cobb, et al.) Agenda Formal (Government) Systemic agenda full set of issues thought to be potentially deserving of government action Institutional agenda the actual set of issues which government addresses

23 Strategi Ekspansi Issu Media Issue Framing

24 Model Mobilisasi Government (formal agenda) Mass Public Public Agenda

25 TERIMA KASIH