THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN LASKAR PELANGI AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN THE RAINBOW TROOPS. NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH Reg. No.

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1 THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN LASKAR PELANGI AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN THE RAINBOW TROOPS NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH Reg. No MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM STUDY PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011

2 THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN LASKAR PELANGI AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN THE RAINBOW TROOPS Thesis is as a fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program Udayana University NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH REG NO MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM STUDY PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011 ii

3 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis was approved on July 19 th 2011 First Supervisor, Second Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. NIP NIP Approved by Head of Master Program In Linguistics Department Postgraduate Program Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M. Hum. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K) NIP NIP iii

4 This thesis has been examined by the Examining Board on July 19 th, 2011 The examiner committee according to the Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No: 1178/UN14.4/HK/2011, on June 30 th, 2011 Chairman : Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. Secretary : Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. Members : 1. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. 2. Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. 3. Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum. iv

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Great thanks to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessing that mean so much to me so this thesis finally can be completed as a requirement to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies of Applied Linguistics. My sincere gratitude and greatest appreciation to my first supervisor Prof. Drs. Made Budiarsa, M.A. and my second supervisor Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. for their invaluable correction and advices in going through each chapter of this writing. My gratitude extends to the Rector of Udayana University, the Director of Postgradute School, Dean of the Faculty of Letters, Head and all staff members of the Master Program in Linguistics, for their support and assistance. I am deeply indebted to all my lecturers in Translation Studies who introduced me all about translation theories. My special thanks to my beloved parents Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum., and Dra. Ni Luh Komang Candrawati, M.Hum., for their love, support and care. And, for my beloved sisters, Intan, Gita and Veny who always give me much help in fulfilling all I need through my distressful days. For my beloved Wi Gus, thanks for your motivation and love, to be by my side sharing all the worst moments. Thanks also to Mbak Dwiyani, Mbak Diani, Mbak Heni, Moy, Eka Putrawan and all my friends in Translation Studies for their friendship and support. Thanks to Gung Gek, Eka, Mbak Diah, Pak Laba, Mbak v

6 Ayu Sulasmini, Purnawan, Agus, Swandewi, Liska and all my colleagues in office for their understanding, spirit and help. I do realize that this writing is far for being perfect, but I hope that this simple writing will give some contribution to the readers. Denpasar, July 2011 Ni Luh Gede Liswahyuningsih vi

7 ABSTRAK Dalam bahasa Indonesia, terdapat phenomena penggunaan konstruksi V-V sebagai predikat dalam sebuah struktur klausa tunggal. Sementara itu, dalam bahasa Inggris, penggunaan predikat pada sebuah klausa dapat terlihat dengan jelas karena tidak ada penggunaan konstruksi V-V dalam klausa tunggal. Biasanya digunakan bentuk gerund dalam penggunaan dua verba dalam klausa tunggal yang dikategorikan sebagai sebuah nomina sehingga menimbulkan terjadinya pergeseran dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini, yaitu (1) Apa saja tipe-tipe konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan di novel? Bagaimana mereka diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan mengapa mereka diterjemahkan seperti itu?, (2) Apa saja pergeseran yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan dalam novel?, (3) Faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pergeseran yang dilakukan oleh penerjemah dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia? Data diambil dari novel bahasa Indonesia Laskar Pelangi dan terjemahannya The Rainbow Troops. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan membaca novel dan mencatat. Kemudian, data diklasifikasikan dan dianalisis berdasarkan theori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu teori linguistik dan teori terjemahan. Berdasarkan makna semantik verba-verba penyusun konstruksi V-V, terdapat delapan kategori konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan dalam novel Laskar Pelangi yaitu (1) sebab-akibat, (2) gerakan, (3) arah, yang dapat dibagi lagi menjadi (a) intransitive dan (b) transitive, (4) instrumen/ alat, (5) postur, (6) kecaraan, (7) sinonim, dan (8) aspek. Oleh karena tidak adanya konstruksi V-V dalam bahasa Inggris, penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris menyebabkan munculnya pergeseran baik dalam struktur gramatikal maupun dalam sudut pandang. Transposisi dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia terjadi dalam pergeseran verba menjadi berbagai struktur gramatikal. Pergeseran kategori yang ditemukan dalam sumber data dapat berupa pergeseran verba menjadi adjektiva, nomina maupun adverbia. Pergeseran unit dapat berupa pergeseran verba menjadi frase nomina, frase verba, frase adjektiva, frase preposisi maupun klausa. Pergeseran struktur dapat berupa pergeseran kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif. Sementara, modulasi yang terjadi yaitu pemampatan makna teks dan perenggangan makna teks. Terjadinya pergeseran tersebut disebabkan oleh tiga faktor yaitu faktor linguistik, kebudayaan dan pilihan penerjemah. Kata kunci: Konstruksi V-V, terjemahan, pergeseran vii

8 ABSTRACT In Bahasa Indonesia, there is a phenomenon that use V-V constructions as a predicate in a monoclausal structure. Meanwhile in English, the predicate of a clause is clearly analyzed since there is no the use of V-V construction in a monoclausal structure. There is a gerund in the use of double verbs in a sentence, which is classed as the noun so it can result in the occurrence of shift in the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions into English. There are three problems to be analyzed in this study, (1) What types of V-V constructions are found in Laskar Pelangi and its translation The Rainbow Troops? How are they translated and why are they translated in that way?, (2) what shifts are employed in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English found in the novel Laskar Pelangi and its translation The Rainbow Troops?, (3)what factors determine the choice of the shifts made by the translator in the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions? The data were taken from Indonesian novel Laskar Pelangi and its translation The Rainbow Troops. The technique of collecting the data was by reading the novel and note taking. Then, the data were classified and analyzed based on the theories used in this study, such as linguistics theory and translation theory. Based on the semantic meaning of the verbs, there are eight categories of Indonesian V-V construction found in the data source. They are (1) cause-effect, (2) motion, (3) direction that can be divided into (a) intransitive and (b) transitive, (4) instrumental, (5) coincidence motion or posture, (6) manner, (7) synonymic, and (8) aspect. Since, there is no V-V construction in English, the translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shifts in the grammatical categories and point of view. Transposition in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction comes from the verb into various grammatical structures. Category shift found in the novel can be verb-verb construction to verb-adjective, verb-noun, verbpreposition or verb-adverb. Unit shift can be verb-verb construction to verb-noun phrase, verb-adjective phrase, verb-prepositional phrase or verb-clause. Structure shift can be from active sentence into passive. Meanwhile, modulation can be lexical loose and lexical dense. The occurrence of shifts is influenced by three factors, such as linguistic differences, cultural differences and translator preferences. Keywords: V-V construction, translation, shifts viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENT INSIDE COVER... PREREQUISITE TITLE.. APPROVAL SHEET. THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ABSTRACT... TABLE OF CONTENT. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.. LIST OF FIGURES.. i ii iii iv v vii ix xiii xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background Research Problems Aims of the Research General Aims Specific Aims. 1.4 Significance of the Study Theoretical Significance Practical Significance 1.5 Scope of the Study ix

10 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS, AND RESEARCH MODEL Literature Review Concepts V-V Construction Translation Equivalence Shift in Translation Theoretical Framework Grammatical Theory of Verbs V-V Construction Methods of Translation Shifts in Translation Transposition Modulation Research Model.. 34 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD Research Approach Data Source Method and Technique of Collecting Data Method and Technique of Analyzing Data Method and Technique of Presenting the Result 40 x

11 CHAPTER IV INDONESIAN V - V CONSTRUCTIONS IN LASKAR PELANGI AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN THE RAINBOW TROOPS Types of Indonesian V-V Constructions and Their Translations in English Cause-Effect Motion Direction Instrumental Coincidence Motion or Posture Manner Synonymic Aspect 4.2 Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English Transposition Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun Verb-Verb to Verb-Adverb Verb-Verb to Verb-Preposition Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun Phrase Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective Phrase Verb-Verb to Verb-Prepositional Phrase Verb-Verb to Verb-Clause Active to Passive Form xi

12 4.2.2 Modulation Lexical Loose Lexical Dense Factors that Determine the Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English Linguistic Differences Cultural Differences Translator Preferences CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Conclusion 5.2 Suggestion BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES xii

13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V-V construction : Verb-Verb construction K : Kalimat SVC : Serial Verb Construction FN : Frase Nomina SL : Source Language FV : Frase Verba TL : Target language FAdj. : Frase Adjektiva S : Sentence FAdv. : Frase Adverbia V : Verb/ Verba FP : Frase Preposisi N : Noun/ Nomina Konj. : Konjungsi Pro : Pronoun/ Pronomina Adj : Adjective/ Adjektiva Adv : Adverb/ Adverbia P : Preposition/ Preposisi D : Determiner M : Modal I : Inflection NP : Noun Phrase VP : Verb Phrase Adj. P : Adjective Phrase Adv. P : Adverb Phrase S : Sentence Conj. : Conjunction xiii

14 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Research Model 35 Figure 3.1: Triangle of Study Analysis Figure 4.1: Typology of V-V Construction. 41 xiv

15 THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN LASKAR PELANGI AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN THE RAINBOW TROOPS NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011 xv