Faizal risdianto, S.S,M.Hum

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1 Faizal risdianto, S.S,M.Hum

2 What s morphophonemics? The modifications of bases and affixes in morphological processes are known as morphophonemic changes, and their study is called morpho-phonemics.

3 MODIFICATION OF MORPHEMES 1. ASSIMILATION. 2. DISSIMILATION AND HAPLOLOGY 3. METATHESIS 4. ADDITION AND DELETION

4 Assimilation Assimilation may be of various kinds, as we may illustrate with the past Japanese verb /TA/. When the base ends in n for example, /shinu/ die the past is /shinda/. The t is voiced, in accordance with the preceding voiced sound /n/. Assimilation in which a preceding element modifies is called progressive assimilation. When the base ends in r for example, /toru/ take the past is /tota/. The r is devoiced in accordance with the following voiceless stop and is modified to a stop. Assimilation in which a following element modifies a preceding is called regressive assimilation. When the case ends in m, as in /sumu/ live, the place of articulation of m is modified to that of the t, and the t is voiced like m, yielding /sunda/. Assimilation in which both elements are affected is called reciprocal assimilation

5 Asimilasi adalah perubahan bunyi konsonan akibat pengaruh konsonan yg berdekatan. - al-salam assalam - ad similatio asimilasi

6 Dissimilation Dissimilation is a type of substitution in which two phonemes become less like each other. When two complex activities must be carried out, we find it simpler if the differ slightly. In keeping with this observation, dissimilation generally affects complex phonemes, such as the aspirates or the resonant. To cite an example in word formation, English turtle is dissimilated for of tur-tur, the name given to the bird after its call.

7 Disimilasi adalah proses yang mengakibatkan dua hal yang sama menjadi tidak sama, misalnya pasangan bunyi r dan r dihindarkan dan menjadi l dan r, seperti kata - berajar belajar - terantar telantar

8 Haplologi adalah penghilangan satu atau dua bunyi secara bersamaan yang berurutan - morfofonologi morfonologi. - Samanantara (Skt: sama + an + antara) sementara - budhidaya budaya - mahardika (Skt: maha + ardhika) merdeka

9 metathesis Metathesis is the change in the order of phonemes. It may be understood if we note the phonological patterning in a language. In West Saxon, sequences of short vowels followed by r consonant are one of the standard patterns, as in verbs like pre-old English torestan to become berstan meaning burst in agreement with the predominant pattern. In Bahasa Indonesia we have words like merah and padam, becomes merah padam.

10 Metatesis adalah proses pergantian tempat bunyi (huruf) dalam sebuah kata, - berantas banteras; - copot pocot. - padma padam (merah padam = merah seperti padma: padma = lotus merah) - drohaka durhaka - prtyaya percaya - arca reca - banteras berantas

11 Addition and deletion Both addition and deletion. can be related to articulatory processes in a given language. An example of addition is found in Bahasa Indonesia as in the word raja. If we attach a simulfix /k -----n/ then it becomes ke-raja-an. There is an addition of the sound [?] after raja and the suffix /-an/. Such additional sound or phonemes is often called epenthetic. When the initial, it is called prothetic, for example in the word ada. There is an additional phoneme /?/ between /t/ in the prefix /k ----ada/ when we attach a simultfix /k an/ to the word ada. For example, ke ada an.

12 An instance of loss (deletion) is found in Bahasa Indonesia as in the word patuh. The phonemes /h/ is lost when a simulfix/konfix /k --+-an/ is attached to the word patuh, for example it sounds /kepatuan/ and not kepatuhan. When the final phonemes are lost, as in modern English noun and verb forms compared with Old English, for example I find versus Old English finde, It is said to be apocopated, literally means cut off. The process is referred to as apocope or when medial as syncope for example, Latin ferere bear to become ferre.

13 Protesis adalah penambahan vokal atau konsonan pada awal kata, untuk memudahkan melafalkannya. - lang elang - mas emas - smara asmara - stri istri

14 Epentesis adalah penyisipan bunyi atau huruf ke dalam kata, terutama kata serapan, tanpa mengubah arti untuk menyesuaikan denga pola fonologis bahasa peminjam - akasa angkasa gopala (Skt) gembala - jaladhi jeladri racana (Skt) rencana m. Paragog adalahproses penambahan huruf atau bunyi pada akhir kata: - hulubala hulubalang ana anak - ina inang kaka kakak

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