Investasi Sumber Daya Manusia

Transkripsi

1 Labor Economics Series Investasi Sumber Daya Manusia Andri Wijanarko 1

2 Chinese Proverb Give a man a fish and you feed him for one day Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime 2

3 Pendidikan Mencari jenjang pendidikan lebih tinggi? SMP SMU SD Lulus SMU 3

4 Pasca SMU Menikah Bekerja Kuliah 4

5 Mengapa Kuliah? Alasan Disuruh orang tua Ekspektasi pendapatan Ikut-ikutan 5

6 Human Capital Definition Unique set of abilities and acquired skills to entering labor market. Assumption Maximizes the present value of lifetime earnings 6

7 HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED (USA Percent of Population in Education Category) GROUP All Person Gender Male Female Race White Black Hispanic Less than high School High School Graduates Some College Associate Degree Bachelor Degee Advance Degree

8 LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS BY EDUCATION GROUP (ALL-WORKER-1996) USA Less than high School High School Graduates Some College College Graduates Labor Force Participation Rate Unemployment Rate 60.2% 77.9% 83.7% 87.8% 10.9% 5.5% 4.1% 2.2% Annual Earnings US$ US$ US$ US$

9 Present Value Keputusan Investasi : Gain antara Current Cost dan Future Returns Fakta : terdapat perbedaan nilai antara saat ini dengan yang akan datang 9

10 Present Value Present Value allows us to compare payment amount spent and received in different periods PV y Note : 1 r y Future Value r Rate of Interest 10

11 Present Value The quantity Present Value (PV) tells us how much needs to be invested today in order have y dollars next year Period Value

12 Schooling Model Workers acquire the skill level that maximizes the present value of lifetime earnings Maximizes Utility Education and other forms of training, therefor, are valued only because they increased earnings 12

13 Age-Earning Profile Upah U KUL U SMU Usia - U 13

14 Age-Earning Profile Biaya melanjutkan pendidikan H Asumsi : Highly educated more productive Employer membayar wage w COL untuk mengganti biaya pendidikan. Worker akan melanjutkan pendidikan bila w HS < w COL 14

15 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Present Value lulusan SMU (bekerja usia th): PV SMU w SMU w w... w SMU SMU SMU ( 1 r) 2 (1 r) 46 (1 r) 15

16 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Present Value melanjutkan pendidikan : H H H PVKUL H 2 3 ( 1 r) (1 r) (1 r) Biaya Melanjutkan Pendidikan wkul wkul wkul ( 1 r) (1 r) (1 r) Penghasilan Setelah Melanjutkan Pendidikan 16

17 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Contoh : Asumsi : worker hanya bekerja selama 2 tahun Earning lulusan SMU : Rp PV SMU 1 r 17

18 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Bila melanjutkan pendidikan 1 th, kemudian bekerja dengan earning Rp dan biaya pendidikan Rp PV KUL 1 r 18

19 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Bila Interest : 5% maka : PV SMU PV KUL , ,05 Karena PV SMU < PV KUL : Worker melanjutkan pendidikan 19

20 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Bila Interest : 10% maka : PV SMU PV KUL , ,1 Karena PV SMU > PV KUL : Worker tidak melanjutkan pendidikan 20

21 Present Value of Age-Earning Profile Rate of Interest (rate of discount) berpengaruh terhadap keinginan melanjutkan pendidikan, dapat berupa market rate of interest. Rate of Discount also depends on how we feel about giving up some of today s consumption in return for future rewards. Present Oriented Worker higher rate of discount 21

22 The Wage-Schooling Locus Wage-Schooling Locus menggambarkan tingkat upah yang dibayarkan employer untuk tingkat pendidikan tertentu. Ditentukan oleh juga equilibrium pasar (Supply & Demand) 22

23 The Wage-Schooling Locus Dollars Years of Schooling 23

24 Rata-rata Upah Pekerja Pria Th Rata-rata Tdk/Blm Pernah Sekolah Tdk/Blm Tamat SD S D SMTP Umum SMTP Kejuruan SMTA Umum SMTA Kejuruan Sumber : BPS, Sakernas Tahun 2005 Diploma I/II Akademi/Dip. III Universitas 24

25 Rata-rata Upah Pekerja Wanita Th Rata-rata Tdk/Blm Pernah Sekolah Tdk/Blm Tamat SD S D SMTP Umum SMTP Kejuruan SMTA Umum SMTA Kejuruan Sumber : BPS, Sakernas Tahun 2005 Diploma I/II Akademi/Dip. III Universitas 25

26 The Marginal Rate of Return to School Slope of the wage-schooling locus ( w / s) menyatakan peningkatan earnings yang diterima apabila melanjutkan pendidikan. Menyatakan persentase peningkatan earnings untuk setiap peningkatan educational investment. 26

27 The Marginal Rate of Return to School Stage 1 Peningkatan $3.000 ($ $23.000) karena menambah waktu pendidikan 1 th (12 tahun menjadi 13 tahun) Peningkatan : 100% 15%

28 The Marginal Rate of Return to School Stage 2 Peningkatan $2.000 ($ $25.000) karena menambah waktu pendidikan 1 th (13 tahun menjadi 14 tahun) Peningkatan : 100% 8,7% 28

29 The Marginal Rate of Return to School Peningkatan semakin kecil Stage 1 = 15 % Stage 2 = 8,7 % Worker stop schooling bila : The Marginal Rate of Return to Schooling = Rate of Discount 29

30 The Schooling Decision Rate of Discount r r = MRR r MRR s s Years of Schooling 30

31 Penduduk usia 15 tahun yang mencari kerja di Surabaya Th

32 Perbandingan Pencari Kerja dan Lapangan Kerja di DKI Jakarta Kesempatan Kerja Pencari Kerja 32

33 Kompetensi Sarjana Logical Skill ORAL COMMUNICATION Ability to Work in Team Setting Knowledge of Field Knowledge of Technology Ability to Work Independently WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Analytical Skill 33

34 See you next time 34