Review Fungsi Permintaan

Transkripsi

1 Review Fungsi Permintaan 1. Permintaan terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan. Karena itu ada permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial. 2. Mempelajari permintaan berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi konsumen. 3. Perlu juga dibedakan : Permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar Permintaan yang elastis dan in-elastis Perubahan jumlah yang diminta dan perubahan permintaan 4. Fungsi permintaan dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope negatif, meskipun ada yang berslope positif. 5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi permintaan ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ). Slide 1-1

2 Demand 6 Price (dollar per tape) e d c b a Demand for tapes Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Slide 1-2

3 OHT 2.4 Figure 2.1 Derivation of the market demand curve Slide 1-3

4 Some Real-World Price Elasticities of Demand Good or Service Elasticity Elastic Demand Metals 1.52 Electrical engineering products 1.30 Mechanical engineering products 1.30 Furniture 1.26 Motor vehicles 1.14 Instrument engineering products 1.10 Professional services 1.09 Transportation services 1.03 Inelastic Demand Gas, electricity, and water 0.92 Oil 0.91 Chemicals 0.89 Beverages (all types) 0.78 Clothing 0.64 Tobacco 0.61 Banking and insurance services 0.56 Housing services 0.55 Agricultural and fish products 0.42 Books, magazines, and newspapers 0.34 Food 0.12 Slide 1-4

5 A Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus a Change in Demand Price Decrease in quantity demanded Decrease in demand Increase in demand Increase in quantity demanded D 2 D 0 D 1 Quantity Slide 1-5

6 Review Fungsi Penawaran 1. Penawaran terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan dari produsen untuk menyediakan barang yang diinginkan konsumen 2. Mempelajari penawaran berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi produsen. 3. Perlu juga dibedakan : Penawaran individu produsen dan penawaran pasar Penawaran yang elastis dan in-elastis Perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan dan perubahan penawaran 4. Fungsi penawaran dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope positif, meskipun dalam jangka panjang akan berbentuk tegak vertikal. 5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi penawaran juga ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ). 6. Bentuk umum fungsi penawaran adalah : Qd Cp = f ( P ) cp. Dengan hubungan yang positif = Teknologi, Mesin, dll Slide 1-6

7 Supply 6 Supply of Tapes Price (dollar per tape) b c d e 1 a Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Slide 1-7

8 A Change in the Quantity Supplied Versus a Change in Supply Price S 2 Increase in quantity supplied S 0 S 1 Decrease in supply Increase in supply Decrease in quantity supplied Quantity Slide 1-8

9 Market Equilibrium Price (dollar per tape) Surplus of 2 million tapes at $4 a tape Supply of tapes Equilibrium 2 1 Shortage of 3 million tapes at $2 a tape Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Demand for tapes Slide 1-9

10 The Effects of a Change in Demand Price (dollar per tape) Supply of tapes 2 1 Demand for tapes (Walkman $200) Demand for tapes (Walkman $50) Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Slide 1-10

11 The Effects of a Change in Supply Price (dollar per tape) Supply of tapes (old technology) Supply of tapes (new technology) Demand for tapes Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Slide 1-11

12 Price (dollar per tape) The Effects of an Increase in Both Demand and Supply Supply of tapes (old technology) Demand for tapes (Walkman $200) Supply of tapes (new technology) Demand for tapes (Walkman $50) Quantity (millions of tapes per week) Slide 1-12

13 Price Slide, Rocket, and Roller Coaster Slide 1-13

14 Price Slide, Rocket, and Roller Coaster Slide 1-14

15 Michael Parkin CHAPTER 11 Output and Costs Slide 1-15

16 Total Product, Marginal Product, and Average Product Total Marginal Average Labor product product product (workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker) a 0 0 b 1 4 c 2 10 d 3 13 e 4 15 f 5 16 Slide 1-16

17 Total Product, Marginal Product, and Average Product Total Marginal Average Labor product product product (workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker) a 0 0 b 1 4 c 2 10 d 3 13 e 4 15 f Slide 1-17

18 Total Product, Marginal Product, and Average Product Total Marginal Average Labor product product product (workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker) a 0 0 b c d e f Slide 1-18

19 Marginal Product Output (sweaters per day) 15 TP c d Labor (workers per day) Marginal product (sweaters per day per worker) Labor (workers per day) Slide MP

20 Average Product Average product & Marginal product (sweaters per day per worker) b c d Maximum average product e f AP MP Labor (workers per day) Slide 1-20

21 Total Cost Curves Total Total fixed variable Total cost cost cost Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC) (workers (sweaters per day) per day) (dollars per day) a 0 0 b 1 4 c 2 10 d 3 13 e 4 15 f 5 16 Slide 1-21

22 Total Cost Curves Total Total fixed variable Total cost cost cost Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC) (workers (sweaters per day) per day) (dollars per day) a b c d e f Slide 1-22

23 Total Cost Curves Total Total fixed variable Total cost cost cost Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC) (workers (sweaters per day) per day) (dollars per day) a b c d e f Slide 1-23

24 Total Cost Curves Total Total fixed variable Total cost cost cost Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC) (workers (sweaters per day) per day) (dollars per day) a b c d e f Slide 1-24

25 Cost (dollars per day) Total Cost Curves TC = TFC + TVC TC TVC 50 TFC Output (sweaters per day) Slide 1-25

26 Marginal Cost and Average Costs Cost (dollars per sweater) ATC = AFC + AVC MC ATC AVC 5 AFC Output (sweaters per day) Slide 1-26

27 Product Curves and Cost Curves Average product and marginal product Rising MP and falling MC: rising AP and falling AVC Falling MP and rising MC: rising AP and falling AVC Falling MP and rising MC: falling AP and rising AVC AP MP Labor Slide 1-27

28 Product Curves and Cost Curves Average product and marginal product Maximum MP and minimum MC MC AVC Maximum AP and minimum AVC Labor Slide 1-28

29 Short-Run Costs of Four Different Plants Slide 1-29

30 Long-Run Average Cost Curve Slide 1-30