makroergonomi Hanna Lestari, M.Eng Teknik

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1 makroergonomi Hanna Lestari, M.Eng Teknik

2 ERGONOMICS WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?? Ergos = work Nomos = laws Ergonomics = the laws of work

3 Ergonomi Ilmu terapan yang menjelaskan interaksi antara manusia, lingkungan dan peralatan. Tujuan akhir dari ergonomi adalah untuk kesempurnaan kerja dengan meminimalkan tekanan kerja yang mungkin bagi tubuh Source : William Etchison, M.S., Columbus, Georgia

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5 Level Mikro dan Makro Different levels of study and intervention: Micro level Human machine interface technology hardware ergonomics Human environment interface technology environmental ergonomics User interface technology Macro level Organization machine interface technology

6 Microergonomics Desain Alat Manusia Bahan Lingkungan Di tataran Sistem Kerja: Di seputar sistem manusia alat bahan lingkungan mikro Pengaturannya: DESAIN

7 Macroergonomics

8 Lanjutan Pada tataran perusahaan, manusia, teknologi, organisasi,lingkungan, perusahaan Pengaturannya: ORGANISASI Manusia Lingkungan Teknologi Organisasi

9 Layar belakang Macroergonomics Istilah ini pertama kali dikenalkan H.W.Hendrickpada tahun 1984 Karena perubahan teknologi yang sangat pesat yang melebihi kecepatan organisasi dalam mengantisipasinya. Adanya kegagalan beberapa proses transfer teknologi pada negara berkembang akibat tidak ditinjaunya unsur makro ergonomi.

10 Macro Ergonomics: Macro Ergonomics: Job Design, Fitting the Organization Job Content, To Organization, The MAN Culture Micro Micro Ergonomics: ergonomics: Environment, Fitting the task Physical, To Cognition The MAN

11 Sistem Sosioteknik Organisasi sebagai sebuah sistem sosioteknik mempunyai 4 subsistem yaitu : 1. SubsistemTeknologi(knowlodegebase technology) 2. Subsistem Personel (demografi, pisikologi) 3. Subsistem Lingkungan ekstrenal (temperatur, kelembaban, dll) 4. Subsistem Perancangan sistem kerja (sosial ekonomi, pendidikan, politik, budaya, hukum) Sistem sosioteknik mempunyai 3 subsistem yang saling berkaitan membentuk pengaruh terhadap subsistem perancangan organisasi sistem kerja. Tiga subsistem tersebut adalah subsistem teknologi, personel dan lingkungan eksternal

12 Hubungan Ergonomi Makro dan Mikro Jika pendekatan ergonomi makro secara sistematik telah digunakan untuk menentukan karakteristik desain sistem kerja keseluruhan, tahap selanjutnya adalah membawa desain tersebut dalam level ergonomi mikro. Pendefinisian karakteristik desain sistem kerjakeseluruhan akan menentukan karakteristik dari desain job serta hubunga n manusia mesindan manusia software interface yang merupakan kajian dalam ergonomi mikro. Desain ergonomi makro yang efektif akan menggerakkan aspek aspek rancangan ergonomi mikro, sehingga menjamin kesesuaian secara ergonomi dari komponen komponen sistem dengan struktur sistem kerja keseluruhan (Hendrick & Kleiner, 2001)

13 different organization designs can utilize the same technology (Emery & Trist, 1960) The key is to select organizational design that is most effective in terms of: People/human portion in system Relevant external system

14 Organization Concepts Organizational Structures (three major components): COMPLEXITY (degree of differentiation and integration) Horizontal differentiation Vertical differentiation Spatial dispersion FORMALIZATION (degree to which jobs within organization become standardized) CENTRALIZATION (degree to which formal decision is concentrated in an individual)

15 Macro ergonomics Concepts the optimization of organizational and work systems design through consideration of relevant personnel, technological and environmental variables and their interactions. (H.W. Hendrick) The goal of macro ergonomics is a fully harmonized work system at both the macro and micro ergonomic level which results in improved productivity, job satisfaction, health and safety, and employee commitment. Socio technical system model

16 Socio technical System Concept External Environment Joint causal Technical subsystem Personnel subsystem

17 Technological subsystem characteristics Technology, as a determinant of organizational design, has been operationally defined in several different ways: by Production Technology by Knowledge Based Technology by Technological Uncertainty by Work Flow Integration

18 Technological subsystem characteristics by Production Technology (based on mode of production) Mode of Productions Organizational Structure Unit Mass Process Complexity: -Vertical Differentiation Low Moderate High -Horizontal Differentiation Low High Moderate Formalization Low High Low Centralization Low High High Applies only to manufacturing organization/firm

19 Technological subsystem characteristics by Knowledge Based Technology technology classification Task Variability Routine w/ few exception High variety w/ many exception Problem analyzability Well defined Routine (high formalization and centralization) Engineering (moderate centralization & Low formalization) Ill defined Craft Non Routine (decentralization & low formalization) (decentralized and low formalization)

20 Technological subsystem characteristics by Technological Uncertainty (based on task performed) Long linked technology automobile assembly line moderately complex and formalized structure Mediating technology bank/post office low complexity and high formalization Intensive technology customized response (hospital) high complexity and low formalization

21 Personnel Subsystem Characteristics Degree of Professionalism education and training requirements of a given job. there is a trade off between professionalism and formalizing the organizational structure Psychosocial Factors cognitive complexity Cultural Diversity

22 Personnel Subsystem Characteristics Cultural Diversity Hofstede s Cultural Dimension: Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country's society. Individualism (IDV) focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. Masculinity (MAS) focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society i.e. unstructured situations

23 External Environment Characteristics External environments that significantly impact organizational function: Socioeconomic Education Politic Culture

24 External Environment Characteristics Environmental dimension (Duncan, 1979) Degree of change Stable Dynamic Degree of complexity Simple Complex Low uncertainty (container industry) Mod Low Uncertainty (food industry) Mod High Uncertainty (fast food industry) High Uncertainty (computer industry)

25 Socially Centered Design Evolution of Design Socially centered User centered System centered

26 System design Factor considered in System Design Factor Considered System centered User Centered Socially Centered Equipment -specification -maintenance -design to minimize human error -design of tech-artifact that support work practices Task -procedures, method, instructions, task inputoutput -design to enhance human abilities and overcome limitation -design of corporative activities Users -spec of roles, training procedures, etc -spec of roles and responsibilities that foster user satisfaction -spec in situated roles and responsibilities -identify direct and indirect user Environment -facility -safety, work hour, job function -workplace condt. And design -spec of informal work practices and shared artifact

27 Component of System design Equipment User CONTEXT Task Environment

28 Contextual Component of System Design artifacts interpersonal Cooperative Task activities Situational characteristics Organization & Groups