Perspektif Teoretis Politik Lokal

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1 Perspektif Teoretis Politik Lokal Nico Harjanto 2012 Definisi dasar Teori: generalisasi yang abstrak mengenai beberapa fenomena Konsep: konstruksi mental, suatu ide yang abstrak yang menunjuk pada beberapa fenomena atau karakteristik dengan sifat yang spesifik yang dimiliki oleh fenomena itu. Generalisasi: proses melalui mana suatu observasi mengenai satu fenomena tertentu berkembang menjadi suatu observasi mengenai lebih dari satu fenomena. Melalui konsep, generalisasi melihat hubungan kausal Generalisasi paling sophisticated adlh teori Teori politik: Tujuan dan kegiatan politik Cara-cara mencapai tujuan tsb kemungkinan dan kebutuhan yg ditimbulkan oleh situasi politik tertentu Kewajiban2 yg diakibatkan oleh tujuan2 politik tsb» (sumber: Miriam Budiardjo, 2008: 43) Pendekatan: kriteria untuk menyeleksi masalah dan data yang relevan (van Dyke 1960) mencakup standar atau tolok ukur Metode mencakup prosedur utk memperoleh dan mempergunakan data 1

2 Sistem Politik Unsur: proses, struktur, fungsi Cakupan: Kekuasaan Kepentingan Kebijakan Budaya politik Input (demands n supports) [conversion] output (decisions and actions) feedback input Input: sosialisasi n rekrutmen, artikulasi, agregasi, komunikasi capacity, conversion n maintenance, n adaptation functions Output: rule-making, rule-application, rule-adjudication Politics: clocks or clouds? Politics as clocks: Mencari regularities thd fenomena politik Fokus pada generalisasi thd regularities dgn menggunakan covering laws Fokus pada kausalitas sbg explanatory concept Politics as clouds: Perilaku politik bagaikan awan Lack of predictability Perlu masuk lbh ke dalam fenomena politik utk dpt memahami dunia politik yg kompleks 2

3 Lijphart s Typology of Scientific Methods (1975, 162) Non-Experimental Methods Experimental Methods Statistical Methods (N = Large) Comparative Method (N=Small, but > 1) Case Study Method (N=1) Comparative Method Case-oriented Focus on variation/patterns, not causality (but conjecture about causality usually results) U of A are important culturally/contextually Rarely achieve more than ordinal level of measurement Statistical Method Variable-oriented Focus on causal relations and theory building U of A are not individually important, trends are Attempt a high level of measurement, interval if possible 3

4 Nomothetic Research aims to achieve: Universalism Generalization Testing of hypotheses Idiographic Research aims to achieve: Historical precision (deep) theoretical argumentation Approaches Institutionalist: Concern with how institutions impact individuals values and preferences Komponen: focus on formal n informal rules, institution as dynamics, emphasis on values, disaggregated systems Rational Choice: human behavior stipulates that individuals act to maximize their personal utility by making cost-benefit calculations individuals actions are taken for goal-driven reasons the individual s goal is always the maximization of individual benefit Individuals put together political institutions to ease the way for the achievement of individual (normally material) goals Cultural: all individual action is conditioned (or even determined) by the individual s interaction with, attitudes toward, and position in the collectivity of which s/he is a part social-being: dipengaruhi oleh social-space individual interests are the direct results of intersubjectively shared ideas, values, and norms (are not necessarily material) Bisa saja individually irrational, tapi collectively rational (?) 4

5 Behavioralism: Elements: observable phenomenon, empirical, deterministic, covering laws, objective The behavioral revolution: a science of politics ; insights into behavior; prediktabilitas; individuals matter sekalipun perilaku manusia adalah kompleks, tapi ada pola2 berulang (recurrent patterns) yang dapat diidentifikasi Structural: all individual action is conditioned (or even determined) by the political structures that have been constructed in the past the structures themselves become the main determinant of individual goals Individual s efforts cannot be considered voluntarist or even deliberate Contoh: Marxism and other theories of historical determinism are inherently structuralist Traditionalist: Fokus pada nilai2 dan norma, filsafat (what ought to be), applied science/skills, historis-yuridis, kualitatif Pertanyaan What is worth knowing? Can we make the world (or our life) better through understanding? How can we contribute to understanding political phenomenon? 5