Trend era Digital. Sistem yang semakin kompleks. Menghasilkan Desain yang komplek Waktu desain yang cepat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar

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2 Trend era Digital Sistem yang semakin kompleks Digital & Analog IC (Mixed Signal) Hardware & Software design SoC, SoPC Menghasilkan Desain yang komplek Waktu desain yang cepat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar 2

3 Sistem Terinegrasi 3

4 SoP System-on-Package (SoP) / System-in- Package (SiP) 4

5 Mengapa perlu HW+SW Hardware Cepat Mahal Software Fleksibel Lebih lambat Hardware + Software? 5

6 Kamera Digital 6

7 Macem-macem metode penyusunan rangkaian digital IC digital diskret Programmable logic: SPLD CPLD FPGA ASIC

8 IC digital Diskret IC kegunaan umum, banyak terdapat di pasaran satu IC hanya mewakili satu fungsi, contoh: IC NAND 7400 IC BCD counter 7490 dll

9 Logika Digital Digital Logic Function 3 Inputs Product AND (&) Sum OR ( ) Black Box Truth Table SUM of PRODUCTS Boolean Logic Minimisation Connect Standard Logic Chips Very Simple Glue Logic FIXED Logic Transistor Switches

10 Kebutuhan suatu rangkaian digital yang programmable Penyusunan rangkaian digital kompleks menggunakan IC digital diskret butuh banyak IC IC digital diskret kurang fleksibel harus merangkai hardware engineer digital ingin membuat suatu rangkaian digital yang bisa dimodif via software

11 Rangkaian Digital Programmable Suatu Piranti (IC) berisi gerbang-gerbang digital dan flip flop, yang interkoneksi antar gerbangnya bisa diprogram via software Macam-macamnya: SPLD CPLD FPGA

12 SPLD Simple programmable logic device Ukuran kecil Hanya terdiri dari dua jenis gate (AND dan OR), jumlahnya tergantung seri IC nya Ada 2 jenis: PLA (Programmable Logic Array) PAL (Programmable Array Logic) (PAL & PLA, nampak sama tetapi sedikit beda)

13 PLA (programmable logic array) Programmable planes *Hanya bisa diprogram sekali

14 PAL (programmable array logic) Programmable plane *Bisa diprogram berkali-kali

15 PLD - Sum of Products Array input gerbang AND diikuti gerbang OR A B C Programmable switch or fuse f 1 = A B C + A B C f 2 = A B + A B C AND plane 15

16 PLD - Macrocell Array input gerbang AND diikuti gerbang OR dan flipflop A B C Select Enable f 1 Flip-flop D Q MUX Clock AND plane 16

17 CPLD Complex programmable logic device Extend the density of SPLD CPLD seperti SPLD tetapi mempunyai banyak gate, ditambah dengan flip flop Terdiri dari lapisan interconnect, gates, dan flip flop Bisa diprogram berkali-kali, electrically erasable & programmable

18 Complex PLDs CPLDs Programmable PLD Blocks Programmable Interconnects Electrically Erasable links CPLD Architecture Feedback Outputs

19 CPLD

20 CPLD Structure Integration of several PLD blocks with a programmable interconnect on a single chip I/O Block I PLD Block PLD Block I/O Block Interconnection Matrix I/O Block PLD Block PLD Block I/O Block 20

21 CPLD Families

22 CPLD Example Altera MAX7000 EPM7000 Series Block Diagram 22

23 CPLD Example Altera MAX7000 EPM7000 Series Device Macrocell 23

24 Pemrograman PLD Memprogram SPLD dan CPLD berarti memprogram interkoneksi/plane Pada perpotongan jalur input dengan jalur gate terdapat suatu fuse yang menghubungkan input dengan jalur gate Membuat suatu koneksi berarti membiarkan fuse terhubung, sedangkan memutus suatu koneksi berarti menghilangkan fuse

25 ASIC Application specific integrated circuit IC yang hanya digunakan untuk keperluan tertentu Biasanya designer IC langsung memesan ASIC ke pabrik IC Kompleksitas rangkaian dalam IC cukup tinggi, jadi tidak muat pada CPLD Dibuat dalam jumlah yang terbatas Sangat mahal

26 Full-Custom ASIC layout-based the designer draws each polygon by hand More compact design but longer design time only for analogue and high(est) volumes 26

27 Cell-Based ASIC used predefined building blocks ( cells ) designer creates a schematic that interconnects these cells layout = placement & interconnection of cells for functionality or time-to market driven design 27

28 FPGA Field programmable gate array Kapasitas sangat besar Menggunakan blok RAM FPGA untuk konfigurasi interkoneksi Karena memakai RAM, maka interkoneksi hilang jika powernya mati Fungsi FPGA adalah untuk prototype sebelum dijadikan ASIC

29 What is an FPGA? An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is a reprogrammable chip which contains hundreds of thousands of logic gates that internally connects together to build complex digital circuitry. 1/5/

30 Benefits FPGA s Real-time analysis of high-rate data streams (Performance) Deterministic hardware dedicated to every task (Reliability) Nonrecurring engineering expenses (Reconfigurability ) Radiation Hardened and Program Integrity. (Durability) Flexible and rapid prototyping (Development)

31 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

32 FPGA Types (Anti-fuse technology)

33 FPGA Families

34 SRAM-type FPGA Interconnect Architecture Diamond switch Vertical routing channels Horizontal routing (interconnect) channel PSM: Programmable Switch Matrix (for making connections between interconnects of different channels). The structure shown only allows i-to-i connections CLB: Configuration Logic Block (programmable logic cell)

35 SRAM-type FPGA Interconnect Architecture (contd) Cell Connection Matrix (CCM) PSM

36 Arsitektur FPGA

37 Gate Array Each chip is prefabricated with an array of identical gates or cells. The chip is customized by fabricating routing layers on top. Time to market, cost 37

38 Field programmable gate array Chips are prefabricated with logic blocks and interconnects. Logic and interconnects can be programmed (erased and reprogrammed) by users. No fabrication is needed. Cost efficient for medium complexity (< 1M gates) designs 38

39 FPGA - Generic Structure FPGA building blocks: Programmable logic blocks Implement combinatorial and sequential logic Programmable interconnect Wires to connect inputs and outputs to logic blocks Programmable I/O blocks Special logic blocks at the periphery of device for external connections I/O Logic block Interconnection switches I/O I/O I/O 39

40 Other FPGA Building Blocks Clock distribution Embedded memory blocks Special purpose blocks: DSP blocks: Hardware multipliers, adders and registers Embedded microprocessors/microcontrollers High-speed serial transceivers 40

41 FPGA Basic Logic Element LUT to implement combinatorial logic Register for sequential circuits Additional logic (not shown): Carry logic for arithmetic functions Expansion logic for functions requiring more than 4 inputs Select Out A B C LUT D Q D Clock 41

42 Look-Up Tables (LUT) Look-up table with N-inputs can be used to implement any combinatorial function of N inputs LUT is programmed with the truth-table A B C D LUT Z LUT implementation A B C D Z Truth-table Gate implementation 42

43 LUT Implementation Example: 3-input X1 X2 LUT 0/1 Configuration memory 0/1 cells 0/1 Based on multiplexers (pass transistors) LUT entries stored in configuration memory cells 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 F X3 43

44 Programmable Interconnect Interconnect hierarchy (not shown) Fast local interconnect Horizontal and vertical lines of various lengths LE LE LE Switch Matrix Switch Matrix LE LE LE 44

45 Switch Matrix Operation After Programming Before Programming 6 pass transistors per switch matrix interconnect point Pass transistors act as programmable switches Pass transistor gates are driven by configuration memory cells 45

46 Special Features Clock management PLL,DLL Eliminate clock skew between external clock input and on-chip clock Low-skew global clock distribution network Support for various interface standards High-speed serial I/Os Embedded processor cores DSP blocks 46

47 Configuration Storage Elements Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) each switch is a pass transistor controlled by the state of an SRAM bit FPGA needs to be configured at power-on Flash Erasable Programmable ROM (Flash) each switch is a floating-gate transistor that can be turned off by injecting charge onto its gate. FPGA itself holds the program reprogrammable, even in-circuit Fusible Links ( Antifuse ) Forms a forms a low resistance path when electrically programmed one-time programmable in special programming machine radiation tolerant 47

48 FPGA Vendors & Device Families Xilinx Virtex-II/Virtex-4: Featurepacked high-performance SRAM-based FPGA Spartan 3: low-cost feature reduced version CoolRunner: CPLDs Altera Stratix/Stratix-II High-performance SRAM-based FPGAs Cyclone/Cyclone-II Low-cost feature reduced version for cost-critical applications MAX3000/7000 CPLDs MAX-II: Flash-based FPGA Actel Anti-fuse based FPGAs Radiation tolerant Flash-based FPGAs Lattice Flash-based FPGAs CPLDs (EEPROM) QuickLogic ViaLink-based FPGAs 48

49 State of the Art in FPGAs Xilinx s top of the line FPGA 65nm process technology 550MHz RAM blocks 6-input LUTs Serial connectivity Ethernet MACs Rocket I/O serial 6.5 GBps PCI Express endpoint Enhanced DSP blocks (25x18-bit MAC) 1760 pin BGA with 1200 I/O EasyPath 49

50 FPGA Design Flow Xilinx Design Flow 50

51 Macam FPGA berdasar pemrogramannya