DAFTAR PUSTAKA. Abrol DP Defensive behaviour of Apis cerana F. against predatory wasps. J Apic Sci 50:39-46.

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1 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abrol DP Defensive behaviour of Apis cerana F. against predatory wasps. J Apic Sci 50: Akranatakul P Beekeeping in Asia. Food and Agriculture of The United Nation Rome. FAO Agriculture Service Bulletin 68/4. Arechavaleta-Velasco ME, Hunt GJ, Emore C Quantitative trait loci that influence the expression of guarding and stinging behavior of individual honey bees. Behav Genet 33: Boecking O, Ritter W Grooming and removal behaviour of Apis mellifera intermissa in Tunisia againts Varroa jacobsoni. J Apricultural Research 32: Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF An Introduction to The study of Insect. Ohio: Saunders College Pub. Breed MD, Rogers KB The behavioral genetics of colony defense in honeybees: genetic variability for guarding behavior. Behav Genetic 21: Breed MD, Guzman-Novoa E, Hunt G Defensif behavior of honey bees: organization, genetics, and comparisons with other bees. Entomology 49: Capaldi EA, Dyer F The role of orientation flights on homing performance in honeybees. J Exp Biol 202: Damus MS, Otis GW A morphometric analysis of Apis cerana F and Apis nigrocincta Smith population from southest asia. Apidologie 28: Drickamer LC, Vessey HS, Jakob ME Animal Behaviour: Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution, Sed. New York: McGraw-Hill Comp. Free JB Bees and Mankind. London: Goerge Allen & Unwin. Free JB Pheromones of Social Bees. Chapman and Hall: Cambridge Univ Pr. Fries I, Huazhen W, Wei S, Jin CS Grooming behavior and damaged mites (Varroa jacobsoni) in Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica. Apidologie 27:3-11. Giray T, Robinson GE Effect of intracolony variability in behavioral development on plasticity of division of labor in honey bee colonies. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:

2 Giray T et al Genetic variation in worker temporal polyethism and colony defensiveness in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Behav Ecol 11: Gojmerac WL Bees, Beekeeping, Honey and Pollination. Connecticut: AVI Publishing. Goulet H, Huber JT Hymenoptera of The World: An Identification Guide to Families, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research: Ottawa. Ontario. Hadisoesilo S, Otis GW, Meixner M Two distinct populations of cavity nesting honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Kansas Entomol Soc 68: Hepburn HR Reciprocal interactions between honeybees and comb in the integration of some colony functions in Apis mellifera L. Apidologie 29: Huang ZY et al Hormonal regulation of behavioural development in the honey bee is based on changes in the rate of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. J Insect Physiol 37: Huang ZY, Kuang HO, Kuang BY, Qin Ying Juvenil Hormone and Division of Labour in Apis cerana. Proceed of the 7 th IBRA conference on tropical bees and the 5 th AAA conference. Thailand. Huang ZY, Robinson GE, Borst DW Physiological correlates of division of labor similarly aged honey bees. J Comp Physiol A 174: Koeniger N Biology of The Eastern Honeybee Apis cerana (Fabricus 1773). Di dalam Kevan PG, edit. The Asiatic Hive: Apriculture, Biology, and Role Sustainable Development in Tropical and subtropical Asia. Ontario: Cambridge. Hlm Lindaeur M, Kirchner W, Andersen BB, Michelsen A Di dalam: Goodman LJ & Fisher RC, edit. Goodman LJ. The Dance Language of Honeybees- New Findings, New Perspectives UK: Redwood Press, Melksham. hlm Martin P, Bateson P Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. FRS: Cambridge Univ. Mardan M, Kevan PG Critical temperatures for survival of broof and adult workers of the giant honeybee, Apis dorsata (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Apidologie 33:

3 McMullan JB, Brown MJF Brood population temperature effects the susceptibility of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to infestation by tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi). Apidologie 36: Michener CD The Social Behaviour of The Bees. Cambridge: the Belknap Pr of Harvard Univ Pr. Michener CD The Bees of the World. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Univ Pr. Morse RA. Flottum K. editor Honeybee Pests, Predators, and Diseases. 3 rd Ed. Root Comp. Muller WJ, Hepburn HR Temporal and spatsial pattern of wax secretion and related behavior in the division of labour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis). J Comp Physiol A 171: Pavord AV Bees and Beekeeping. London: Cassel. Pierot LM, Schlindwein C Variation in daily flight activity and foraging pattern in colonies of urucu Melipona scutellaris Latreile (Apidae, Meliponini). Rev Brazileria de Zoologica 201: Rath W, Dreschder W Response of Apis cerana Fabr towards brood infested with Varroa jacobsoni Oud and infestation rate of colonies in Thailand. Apidologie 21: Rinderer TE et al Time of drone flight four honey bee species in southeastern Thailand. J Apic Res 32: Robinson GE Regulation of honey bee age polyethism by juvenile hormone. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 20: Robinson GE Regulation of division of labor in insect societies. Annu Rev Entomol 37: Robinson GE, Underwood BA, Henderson CE A highly specialized water collecting honey bee. Apidologie 15: Ruttner F Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. Berlin: Springer_Verlag Snodgrass RE, Erickson EH The Anatomi of Honey Bee. Di dalam Hive and The Bee. Illionis: Dadant and` Sons, Ltd.. The 64

4 Tingek S, Mardan M, Rinderer TE, Koeniger N, Koeniger G The rediscovery of Apis vetchi Maa 1953: The Sabah honeybee. Apidologie 19: Tofilski A Influence of age polyethism on longevity of workers in social insects. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 51: Verma LR, Portap U Foraging behaviour of Apis cerana on cauliflower and cabbage and its impact on seed production. J Apic Res 33: Von Frisch K The Dance Language and orientation of Bees. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Robinson G Alarm pheromone perception in honey bees is decreased by smoke (Hymenoptera : Apidae). J Insect Behav 8: Weidenmuller A The control and nest climate in bumblebee (Bombus terretris) interindividual variability and self reinforcement in fanning response. Behav Ecol 15: Weidenmuller A, Kleineidam C, Tautz J Collective control of nest climate parameters in bumblebee colonies. Anim Behav 63: Willmer PG Di dalam: Goodman LJ & Fisher RC, edit. Goodman LJ. The Dance Language of Honeybees-New Findings, New Perspectives UK: Redwood Press, Melksham. hlm Whiffler LA. Drusedau MUH. Crewe RM and Hepburn HR Defensive behaviour and the division of labour in the African honetbee (Apis mellifera scutellata). J Comp Physiol A 163: Whiffler LA, Hepburn HR The queen in relation to wax secretion and comb building in honeybees. J Comp Physiol A 169: Wilson EO The Insect Societies. Cambridge: The Belknap Pr of Harvard Univ Pr Winston ML The Biology of the Honey Bee. Massachussets: Harvard Univ Pres. Wongsiri S Queen Production. Di dalam The Asiatic Hive: Apriculture, Biology, and Role Sustainable Development in Tropical and subtropical Asia. Enviroquest Edit Kevan PG. Ltd, Cambridge. Hlm

5 Woyke J, Wilde J, Reddy CC Open-air nesting honey bees Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa differ from the cavity-nesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in brood hygienic behaviour. J Invert Phatol 86: 1-6. Wu Y, Kuang B Two species of small honeybee-a study of the genus Micrapis. Bee World 68:

6 LAMPIRAN

7 Lampiran 1 Data durasi perilaku age polyethism per individu lebah pekerja A. cerana 67 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Membersihkan 7 06:00-08: sel 08: x :00-13:00 x x x 81 x x :00-16: :30-18: x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x x 69 x x 72 x x :00-16: x :30-18:00 x x :00-08: x x : x x x x :00-13:00 x x x x x :00-16:00 61 x 76 x x :30-18:00 x x x x x :00-08:00 95 x x 89 x x x x : x x x 48 x x :00-13: x 64 x :00-16: x :30-18:00 x x 67 x x 72 x x :00-08:00 32 x 91 x 62 x : x 79 x x :00-13: :00-16: :30-18:00 93 x x x

8 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 68 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Merawat larva 7 06:00-08: : :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x :00-08: : :00-13: x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x x x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x 88 x x :00-16: x x 91 x :30-18: x x :00-08: x : :00-13: x :00-16: x :30-18: x x 88 x

9 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 69 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Menerima 7 06:00-08: x x nektar 08: x 132 x x :00-13: x 97 x x 77 x :00-16: x 233 x x x x 103 x :30-18: x x x x - x :00-08: x : x 91 x :00-13: x x 62 x x x 74 x x x x x :00-16: x x x 79 x x :30-18: x x x x x :00-08: : x x x 73 x :00-13: x x x 58 x x x 77 x x :00-16: x 90 x x 79 x 98 x x :30-18: x 69 x x x x x x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x 81 x x 69 x x 72 x x :00-16: x :30-18: x x x :00-08: x : x 91 x x :00-13: x x x x x x x 56 x x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x

10 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 70 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Menutup 7 06:00-08: sel 08: madu 11:00-13: x :00-16: :30-18: :00-08: : :00-13: x :00-16: x x :30-18: x 206 x :00-08: x x x x x : x x x x x x :00-13: x x x x x :00-16: x x x x x x :30-18: x x x x x x x :00-08: : :00-13: x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x x :00-08: x x : x :00-13: x x :00-16: x x x 205 x :30-18: x x x 186 x - -

11 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 71 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Menutup 7 06:00-08: sel 08: larva 11:00-13: x :00-16: :30-18: :00-08: : x :00-13: x :00-16: x :30-18: :00-08: : x :00-13: :00-16: x :30-18: x 102 x :00-08: x : x :00-13: x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x x :00-08: : x x 73 x :00-13: x 74 x 77 x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x x

12 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 72 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Belajar 7 06:00-08: x terbang 08: x :00-13: x :00-16: :30-18: x :00-08: x : x :00-13: :00-16: x :30-18: x :00-08: x - - x : x - - x :00-13: x - - x :00-16: :30-18: x - - x :00-08: x : x :00-13: :00-16: x :30-18: x :00-08: x : x :00-13: x :00-16: x :30-18:

13 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 73 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Merawat 7 06:00-08: x ratu 08: x :00-13: x :00-16: :30-18: x :00-08: x : x :00-13: x :00-16: :30-18: x :00-08: x x x x : x x :00-13: x x x x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x x :00-08: x x : x x :00-13: :00-16: x x :30-18: x x :00-08: x : x :00-13: :00-16: x :30-18: x

14 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 74 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Membangun 7 06:00-08: sarang 08: x :00-13: x x 69 x :00-16: :30-18: x x :00-08: x x : x x x x :00-13: x x 69 x x x x 72 x x :00-16: x x 79 x :30-18: x x x x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x 671 x x 72 x x :00-16: x :30-18: x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x x 129 x x 72 x x x :00-16: x :30-18: x :00-08: : x x x :00-13: x x 1289 x x :00-16: x x 1087 x :30-18: x x

15 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 75 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Memadatkan 7 06:00-08: polen 08: x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x :30-18: :00-08: : x :00-13: x x :00-16: :30-18: :00-08: x : x x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x :00-08: x x : x x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x :30-18: x x :00-08: : x x :00-13: x x :00-16: x :30-18: x x - - -

16 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 76 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Membuang 7 06:00-08: x x 75 x x x sampah 08: x x 96 x x :00-13: x 98 x x x x :00-16: x x x x :30-18: x x :00-08: x x 67 x : x x x :00-13: x x 69 x x :00-16: x :30-18: x x 74 x 81 x :00-08: x : x :00-13: x x :00-16: x :30-18: x 74 x :00-08: x : x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x :00-08: x : x 65 x :00-13: x x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x

17 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 77 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Mengatur 7 06:00-08: x x x x x suhu 08: x 79 x 97 x :00-13: x 97 x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x x x :00-08: x x x : x x x :00-13: x 317 x :00-16: :30-18: x x x :00-08: x x x x x x x x : x x x x x x x x :00-13: x 109 x x x :00-16: x x 91 x :30-18: x x x x x x x x :00-08: x x x x - x : x x x - x :00-13: x x x - x :00-16: x x x :30-18: x x x x - x :00-08: x x x - - x x : x x x - - x x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x x x - - x x

18 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 78 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Menjaga 7 06:00-08: koloni 08: x x :00-13: x x x x :00-16: x 86 x :30-18: x :00-08: x x : x x x x 117 x :00-13: x x x x x x x :00-16: x 421 x x x 109 x :30-18: x x x :00-08: : x x x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x :30-18: x x :00-08: x 1201 x 1231 x : x x x x x x x x :00-13: x x x x x x x x x x :00-16: x x x x x x 4512 x x x :30-18: x x x x x x

19 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 79 No. Perilaku 12 Menjaga Leba h Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke :00-08: x koloni 08: x 256 x :00-13: x x x x :00-16: x x 871 x :30-18: x Mencari 7 06:00-08: pakan 08: x :00-13: x x x :00-16: x x :30-18: :00-08: : x :00-13: x x :00-16: x x :30-18: x :00-08: : x x 11:00-13: x x x x x x x x 14:00-16: x 3412 x 3521 x x 3421 x 16:30-18: x x 2341

20 Lampiran 1 (Lanjutan) 80 Perilaku Lebah Waktu Jumlah durasi (detik) pada hari ke Mencari 13 06:00-08: pakan 08: x x 11:00-13: x x x x x 14:00-16: x x :30-18: x :00-08: : x 11:00-13: x x x 14:00-16: x :30-18:

21 Lampiran 2 Data suhu ( 0 C) di luar sarang A. cerana koloni I Waktu (WIB) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 & SD ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.8 & SD 20.2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

22 Lampiran 3 Data suhu ( 0 C)di dalam sarang A. cerana koloni II Waktu (WIB) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 & SD ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.1 & SD 21.0 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

23 Lampiran 4 data suhu ( 0 C) di luar sarang A. cerana koloni II Waktu (WIB) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 & SD ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.3 & SD 23.0 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

24 Lampiran 5 Data kelembaban (%) di sekitar sarang A. cerana koloni I Waktu (WIB) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18: & SD 94 ± 4 76 ± 9 54 ± ± 8 52 ± 8 57 ± 6 70 ± 4 85

25 Lampiran 6 data kelembaban (%) di sekitar sarang A. cerana koloni II Waktu ( WIB ) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18: & SD 95 ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

26 Lampiran 7 Data intensitas cahaya (1 x lux) di sekitar sarang A. cerana koloni II Waktu (WIB) 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18: & SD ± ± ± ± ± ±