BIOLOGI MOLEKULER. I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II. Materi Genetik. Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA

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1 BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II. Materi Genetik Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA III. Ekspresi Gena Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi IV. Pertumbuhan Sel Eukariot Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel V. Transformasi Genetik Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus

2 III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York. Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,garland Publishing, Inc, New York. Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-liss, New York. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,w.h. Freeman and Company, New York. Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Boston. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC. Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed., Blackwell Science, UK

3 Human 2.9x10 9 bp 46 (Berg JM et al, 2002)

4 REKAYASA GENETIK TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK

6 PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT Organisme Prokariot Bakteria dan sianobakteria Eukariot Fungi, hewan, manusia Ukuran sel 1-10 m m Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast GENOM RNA dan protein Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma, Satu molekul kromosom Disintesis dalam sitoplasma Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn protein histon dalam inti. Manusia mempunyai 46 cromosom RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam sitoplasma Organisasi Unisel Multisel

7 DNA mrna mrna IFs, EF, RF Translation RNAses Decay Regulatory factors Proteins Turnover Interactions Localization Modification

8 Capping Polyadenylation Pre-mRNA mrna Splicing Storage mrna eifs, eef, erf Translation RNAses Regulatory factors Proteins Decay Turnover Interactions Localization Modification (PO 4 /dpo 4, glycosylation)

9 II. MATERI GENETIK Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan INFORMASI GENETIK nya Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit keturunan Gena Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di paking membentuk CHROMOSOM Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan dalam kromosom GENOM

10 What Is Cloning? A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism, such as the famous sheep Dolly Similar to an identical twin

11 The Making of Dolly Cloning depends on DNA Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother Empty DNA DNA Sheep Egg Mother s Egg

12 Hello Dolly July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep

13 Cloning and the Cell Nucleus Its all about DNA

14 Cloning Depends on DNA Nucleus Chromosome

15 Good-Bye Dolly At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging. Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age) Dolly s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY? It s all about DNA

16 Telomeres Telomeres TTAGGG Gene 1 Gene 2 Chromosome DNA

17 Telomere Length Declines Telomere length in base pairs (human white blood cells) 8,000 3,000 1, Age (years)

18 More on Dolly and Cloning Dolly s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed. Question How many failures will it take to produce a human

19 Other Cloned Animals July 1998 cloned calves Cloned mouse Cloned mule

20 Future Experiments ButterCat CatCow

21 Future Experiments SparrowBoxer TigerOwl

22 JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK

23 Chromosomes

24 Chromosomes

26 Human Genome Genome inti 23 pasang kromosome 2x (4x10 9 bp) 2 m DNA/sel Genome mitokondria

27 Some organisms are diploid - that is, they have paired homologous chromosomes in their somatic cells, and thus contain two copies of each gene. An organism in which both copies of the gene are identical - that is, have the same allele - is said to be homozygous for that gene. An organism which has two different alleles of the gene is said to be heterozygous

Human 4 x 10 9 22 autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom Masing2

28 Human 4 x autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom Masing2 single linier DNA E. Coli 4.7 x Chromosom loop superkoil

29 Kromosom tanpa histon

30 DNA CHROMOSOME

32 KROMOSOM CENTROMER region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis TELOMER fragmen di ujung chromosom linier replikasi secara khusus untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom ORIGIN REPLIKASI tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

39 Introduction The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell Transcription Reverse tanscription DNA Translation Ribosome mrna Polypeptide (protein)

40 PROMOTER OPERATOR KOMPOSISI GENA FUNGSIONAL ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE STRUKTURAL GEN : mrna TERMINATOR

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