Mahesti Okitasari United Nations University Institute for the Advance Study of Sustainability (IAS)

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Suhendra Hermawan
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1 Lessons from Implementing Sustainable Development Policies in Indonesian Cities: Rethinking the Sub-National Institutional Architecture and Agency on Collaborative Governance for Urban Infrastructure Mahesti Okitasari United Nations University Institute for the Advance Study of Sustainability (IAS) April 11 th,

2 TODAY S PRESENTATION FOCUS: COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONS TO IMPLEMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN INDONESIA 1. BACKGROUND: SD policies in Indonesian cities (Water and Sanitation) 2. CASE STUDY: region-wide intergovernmental collaboration 3. LESSONS LEARNED 2

3 Indonesian s perspective on sustainable development.a development model that ensure sustainable, inclusive, and fair economy. (Coordinating Ministry of National Development Planning, 2013, UN Special Event towards Achieving MDGs) which sustainable development policies in cities? MDGs goal #7: Ensure environmental sustainability target 7C: sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation 3

4 ways of achieving sustainable development in cities issue for implementing in cities 1. Localising sustainable development 2. Formulating sustainable development-related development plan 3. Ensuring maximized community participation 4. Building accountability 5. Invest in monitoring mechanism 6. Mobilising local resources 7. Reforming public service 8. Gender equality and women empowerment 9. Advocacy to accelerate sustainable development attainment 10. Forging partnership to attain sustainable development LACK OF CAPACITY - Financing - Technical - Institutional CROSS BORDER IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES - Regional disparity - Policy incoherence - Fragmented decision making 4

5 Jakarta Bekasi (City) Bekasi (Reg) Bogor (City) Bogor (Reg) Depok (City) Tangerang (City) Tangerang (Reg) South Tangerang Surabaya Gresik Bangkalan Mojokerto (City) Mojokerto (Reg) Sidoarjo Lamongan Semarang (City) Kendal Demak Semarang (Reg) Salatiga Grobogan Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul Denpasar Badung Gianyar Tabanan Makassar Maros Gowa Takalar Jakarta Bekasi (City) Bekasi (Reg) Bogor (City) Bogor (Reg) Depok (City) Tangerang (City) Tangerang (Reg) South Tangerang Surabaya Gresik Bangkalan Mojokerto (City) Mojokerto (Reg) Sidoarjo Lamongan Semarang (City) Kendal Demak Semarang (Reg) Salatiga Grobogan Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul Denpasar Badung Gianyar Tabanan Makassar Maros Gowa Takalar BACKGROUND: SD policies implementation in Indonesian cities (water and sanitation) ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER Jakarta MA Surabaya MA Semarang MA Yogyakarta MA ACCESS TO SANITATION Denpasar MA Makassar MA DISPARITY ACROSS CITIES AND IN REGIONS Decentralised planning and implementation YOGYAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA (KARTAMANTUL) Low regional disparity on water and sanitation provision 2001 started intergovernmental collaboration Jakarta MA Surabaya MA Semarang MA Yogyakarta MA Denpasar MA Makassar MA GOOD GOVERNANCE? BETTER INSTITUTIONS? 5

CASE STUDY: region-wide intergovernmental collaboration research

collaborative governance Urban planning framework Policy making and

6 CASE STUDY: region-wide intergovernmental collaboration research methodology 1. Measuring the interaction among local actors 2. Analysing policy tools coherence 3. Analysing the institutional structure Questionnaire survey Semi-structured interview. Samples: 6 metro regions The current institutional structure of collaborative governance Urban planning framework Policy making and strategy making Monitoring Current architecture Strategic objective and outcome Future architecture Policy setting Resource pooling and sharing Impleme ntation 6

7 Jakarta Kota Bekasi Kab Bekasi Kota Bogor Kab Bogor Kota Depok Kota Tangerang Kab Tangerang Tangerang Selatan Surabaya Gresik Bangkalan Kab Mojokerto Kota Mojokerto Sidoarjo Lamongan Semarang Kota Kendal Demak Semarang Kab Salatiga Grobogan Jogja Sleman Bantul Denpasar Badung Gianyar Tabanan Makassar Maros Gowa Takalar Intergovernmental Interaction CASE STUDY RESULTS: YOGYAKARTA REGION 1. measuring interaction between local actors Policymaking and strategy making NGO U 60 OC 40 D 20 0 SOC PCD REC CC Resource pooling and sharing NGO U 60 OC 40 D 20 0 SOC Jakarta Surabaya Semarang Yogyakarta Denpasar Makassar Stronger than average intergovernmental interaction Similar approach on dealing with interaction with other actors The more similar cities on how they pursue and structure their institutions, THE EASIER FOR CITIES TO COLLABORATE AND IMPLEMENT? PCD REC CC Implementation and monitoring 60 OC NGO 40 D 20 U 0 SOC PCD REC CC 7

8 CASE STUDY RESULTS: YOGYAKARTA REGION 2. analysing policy tools coherence Authority Regulation Contract Fiscal/Subsidy/Tax Direct Provision Exhortation POLICY TOOLS COHERENCE All Regions Yogyakarta 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Strong OVERALL POLICY COHERENCE, less conflicting policies Similar orientation on FISCAL POLICY ACTIVE ADVOCACY on development plans CONSOLIDATED POLICY TOOLS for implementation Authority Procedural guideline Sub-district and village collaboration Regulation Covering all sectors Nongovernmental sectors only Local enterprise only Contract Consolidated issuance Evaluation scheme Conflict solving Fiscal/Subsidy/Tax Grants Incentives In-kind transfer Direct Provision Sharing funding (state enterprise) Sharing funding (third parties) Local budgeting authority Infrastructure transfer Management of local assets Exhortation Master Plan Midterm Development Plan Long-term Development 8 Plan Working Programme

9 CASE STUDY RESULTS: YOGYAKARTA REGION 3. analysing the institutional structure NGOs Three tiers coordination (mayoral level and 2 technical levels), inter-sectoral, non-silos Formal and informal coordinating settings, integrated decision making Collaborating body is managed by professional nongovernmental Involvement of nongovernmental actors 9

10 LESSONS LEARNED: factors for implementing SD policies through collaborative governance Intensifying interaction to lessen asymmetrical institutional situation and political transaction cost. Lessening fragmented decision making, moving from silos approach Promoting policy coherence and active advocacy. Improving coherence on fiscal orientation. Encouraging the involvement of nongovernmental actors, better civic participation Advancing civic capital through capacity building. 10

11 thank you for your kind attention 11

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