SIMPULAN DAN SARAN. Simpulan

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1 44 SIMPULAN DAN SARAN Simpulan Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tentang deteksi keberadaan virus avian influenza pada unggas air di Propinsi Lampung disimpulkan : 1 Antibodi terhadap H5 virus Avian Influenza ditemukan pada semua jenis unggas air di 8 kabupaten/kota di Propinsi Lampung. 2 Materi genetik virus Avian Influenza (H5N1) tidak ditemukan pada sampel unggas air di Propinsi Lampung. 3 Materi genetik virus Avian Influenza H5Nx dan HxN1 ditemukan pada unggas air di Propinsi Lampung. Saran 1 Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai keberadaan virus Avian Influenza selain subtipe H5N1 pada unggas Air. 2 Sampel yang menunjukkan hasil RT-PCR positif perlu di sequensing untuk mengetahui urutan nukleotida yang ada dan dapat menjawab pertanyaan mengenai kemunculan pita-pita non-spesifik pada sampel tersebut.

2 45 DAFTAR PUSTAKA [Anonim] Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift. [ ] Bellanti JA Imunologi III. Waholo AS penerjemah; Soeripto N editor. Gadjah Mada University Press. Terjemahan dari : Immunology III. Blood DC, Studdert VP Bailliere s Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary. Bailliere Tindall. Philadelphia. Capua I et al Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to January Avian Pathol 28: Capua I, Alexander DJ, Review article avian influenza: Recent developments. [ ] Capua I, Mutinelli F. Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza in turkeys and chicken. Avian Pathol 29: Capua I, Marangon S, Pozza MD, Terregino C, Cattoli G Avian influenza in Italy Avian dis. 47: Chen H et al The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern Chine. PNAS. 101: Chu VC, Whittaker GR Influenza viruses entry and infection require host cell N-linked glycoprotein. PNAS. 101: Cwhaane T Bird Flu now is South Africa. [ ] Darminto. Mengenal penyakit Flu Burung dan strategi pengendaliannya. [ ] Daum LT et al A rapid, single-step multiplex reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection of human H1N1, H3N2 and B influenza. J Clin Virol 25: Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Propinsi Lampung Pengendalian Flu Burung di Propinsi Lampung. [ ]

3 46 Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan. Departemen Pertanian Populasi Unggas menurut Propinsi. [ ] Donatelli et al Characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses from Italian poultry. J Gen Virol. 2001: Elbers AR, Koch G, Bouma A Performance of clinical signs in poultry for detection of outbreaks during the avian influyenza A (H7N7) epidemic in Netherlands in Avian pathol 33: Fouchier RA, Munster V, Wallensten A, Bestebroar TM Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemaglu tinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. J Virol. 79: Fouchier RA, Olsen B, Bestebroer TM et al Infuenza A virus surveilllance in wild birds in Northern Erophe in 1999 and 2000Avian Dis 47: Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza a viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14: Khawaja JZ, Naeem K, Ahmed Z, Ahmad S Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in areas adjacent to epicenter of an outbreak in federal capital territory of Pakistan. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, Cheng MC, and Shieh HK Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-pcr. J Virol Methods 97: Lee CW, Swayne DE, Linares JA, Senne DA, Suarez DL H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Texas in 2004 : the first highly pathogenic strain in the United States in 20 years. J Virol 79: Lipatov AS et al Influenza: Emergence and control. J Virol 78: Li Z et al Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model. J Virol 76: Liu M et al The quest of influenza A viruses for new host. Avian Dis 47: Maines TR et al Avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from human in Asia in 2004 exhibit increased virulence in mammals. J Virol 79:

4 47 Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ Veterinary Virology. Academic Press. San Diego. California. Munch M, Neilsen LP, Handberg KJ, Jorgensen PH Detection and subtyping (H5 and H7) of avian type A influenza virus by reverse transcription-pcr and PCR-ELISA. Arch Virol 146: Nguyen DC et al Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1 from poultry in live bird markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in J Virol 79: Office international des Epizooties (OIE), Update on avian influenza in animals in Asia (type H5) [ ] Payungporn S et al Singel step multiplex RT-PCR for influenza A virus subtype H5N1 detection. J Immunol 17: Poddar SK Influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step tube multyplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactio n (RT- PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. J Virol 99: Puong DQ Seroprevalence study on avian influenza in rural poultry of Thaibinh Province and characterization of the environmental survival of the agents involved [Thesis]. Vietnam. Department of Veterinary and Pathobiology. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Shortridge KF Poultry and the influenza H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong, 1997: abridged chronology and virus isolation. Vaccine 17: Slemons RD, Hansen WR, Converse KA, Senne DA Type A influenza virus surveillance in free-flying, non-migratory ducks residing on Eastern Shore Maryland. Avian Dis 47: Soejoedono RD, Handharyani E Flu Burung. Jakarta. Penebar Swadaya. Swayne DE, Suarez LD High pathogenic avian influenza. Rev. Sci. Tech. 19: Swayne DE, Suarez DL Biology of avian Influenza especially the change of low pathogenicity virus to high pathogenicity. Proc Lathin American Poultry Congres. Stockton J et al Multiplex PCR for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol 36: Sturm-Ramirez KM Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 infuenza virus in asia?. J Virol 79:

5 48 Sturm-Ramirez KM Re-emerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. J Virol 78: Takizawa T, Fukuda R, Miyawaki T, Ohashi K, Nakanishi Y Activation of the apoptotic fast antigen-encoding gene upon influenza virus infection involving spontaneously produced beta-interferon. Virology 209: Tim AI FKH IPB Seroepidemiologi virus avian influenza serta strategi penanggulangannya di Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Kerjasama Departemen Pertanian dan FKH IPB. Tumpey TM et al Characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat. J Virol 76: Wan H, Perez DR Quail carry sialic acid reseptors compatible with binding of avian and human influenza viruses. [ ] Weaver T Avian influenza surveys in waterfowl part I: The role wild and domestic waterfowl in avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry. NAHSS Outlook February Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56: Whittaker GR. Intracellular trafficking of influenza virus : Clinical implications for molecular medecine. [ ] [WHO] World Health Organization Technical Report Series Recommendations for production and control of influenza vaccine (Inactivated). [WHO] World Health Organization Review of latest available evidence on risks to human health through potential transmission of avian influenza (H5N1) through water and sewage. Zhou NN et al Genetic reassortment of avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses in American pigs. J Virol 73:

6 49 Lampiran 1 Alur Penelitian PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL Serum Usap Kloaka Uji HI cepat (+) 10 sampel Uji mikrotiter HI (-) 10 sampel (+) PCR Universal (gen HA) PCR gen H5 (+) PCR gen N1 (+) Pemeriksaan sampel individu gen H5 dan gen N1

7 50 Lampiran 2 Tabel 7 Hasil pemeriksaan material genetik dengan RT-PCR pada pool sampel unggas air serologis negatif No. Kode Sampel (Propinsi/Kabupaten) Asal Hewan Hasil RT-PCR UNIV H5 N1 1 LT1I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT2I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT3I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT4I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT5I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT6I (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Itik LT1E (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Entok LT2E (Lampung/Lampung Timur) Entok LT3E (Lampung/L ampung Timur) Entok ME1I (Lampung/Metro) Itik TB1I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB2I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB3I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB4I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB5I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB6I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB7I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB8I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB9I (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Itik TB1E (Lampung/Tulang Bawang) Entok LTg1I (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Itik LTg2I (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Itik LTg1E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok LTg2E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok LTg3E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok LTg4E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok LTg5E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok LTg6E (Lampung/Lampung Tengah) Entok Tg1I (Lampung/Tanggamus) Itik Tg2I (Lampung/Tanggamus) Itik Tg3I (Lampung/Tanggamus) Itik Tg4I (Lampung/Tanggamus) Itik Tg1E (Lampung/Tanggamus) Entok Tg2E (Lampung/Tanggamus) Entok LS1I (Lampung/Lampung Selatan) Itik LS2I (Lampung/Lampung Selatan) Itik LS1E (Lampung/Lampung Selatan) Entok LS2E (Lampung/Lampung Selatan) Entok - - -

8 51 No. Kode Sampel (Propinsi/Kabupaten) Asal Hewan Hasil RT-PCR UNIV H5 N1 39 LSA (Lampung/Lampung Selatan) Angsa LU1I (Lampung/Lampung Utara) Itik LU2I (Lampung/Lampung Utara) Itik LU3I (Lampung/Lampung Utara) Itik LU4I (Lampung/Lampung Utara) Itik BL1I (Lampung/Bandar Lampung) Itik BL1E (Lampung/Bandar Lampung) Entok BLLUTgLTgA (Lampung/Bandar Lampung; Angsa Tanggamus; Lampung Tengah; Lampung Selatan

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