Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan Kesempatan di Indonesia

Transkripsi

1 Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan Kesempatan di Indonesia Kunta W.D. Nugraha Peneliti Senior Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, Kementerian Keuangan Konferensi INFID Jakarta, November 2013

2 Topik Ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia Menuju pendapatan final Pengaruh pendapatan non-market, bantuan sosial dan subsidi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan Kesimpulan 2

3 Semakin tinggi pertumbuhan ekonomi, semakin tinggi pula ketimpangan pendapatan 3

4 Beberapa konsep penting 4

5 Menuju pendapatan final Gross income Net income All market income tax Wages/sala ries Business & nonbusiness income Financial income Consumpti on of own production in-kind Actual income Final income Disposable income after taxes Taxes on production Benefits inkind Cash transfers

6 Definisi cash transfers dan benefits in-kind Items Definition Items Definition 1 Cash Transfers 2 Subsidies Education Energy BOS Grants for operational school for Fuel 41.9 million students Price subsidy on unleaded, diesel, kerosene and gas Scholarship Grants for poor students Electricity Price subsidy on electricity 2.4 million students in SD&SMP below 6,600 Watt 0.9 million students in SMA 0.2 million students in Univ Food Health Fertilizer Price subsidy on fertilizer Basic Health Grants for operational of Puskesmas Paddy Price subsidy on paddy Standard d Hospital Grants for standard dhospital Social Security Conditional Rice Grants for poor household for 720,000 households Public Service Obligation Train (KAI) Unconditional Grants for poor household for Ship (Pelni) 19,1 million households Post Office News Agency Price subsidy for poor household for 15 kg/month Price subsidy for KAI, Pelni, Posindo and Antara 3 Public Spending Education Central and local expenditure on education Health Central and local expenditure on health

7 Pengaruh pendapatan non-market sangat besar, terutama untuk kelompok paling miskin (US$ using PPP 2008) 7

8 Cash transfers and benefits in-kind cenderung propoor, kecuali subsidi (US$ using PPP 2008) Deciles Cash Transfers Benefits In Kind Subsidies Health Education Total Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest

9 Education, basic health and social security are pro-poor (US$ using PPP 2008) Deciles Education Basic Health Social lsecurity Unconditional BOS Scholarships Puskesmas Hospital Conditional Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest

10 Semua subsidi adalah pro-rich, kecuali beras (US$ using PPP 2008) Deciles Energy Food Public Service Fuel Electricity Fertilizer Rice/Paddy Obligation Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest

11 Subsidi BBM adalah pro-rich (US$ using PPP 2008)

12 Distribusi pendapatan per kapita cenderung menyempit, % Market Market and Non Market Deciles Gross Net All Market Actual After Taxes Disposible Final Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth h Ninth Highest Total

13 Perbaikan distribusi pendapatan dapat dilihat pada Lorentz Curve Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest Lowest Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Highest Gross income Equality line Actual income Equality line Final income Equality line Gross Actual Final Gini Coefficient Percentile Ratios P90/P P10/P

14 Kesimpulan (1) Non-market income Ignoring the non-market income component seriously overestimates the degree of income inequality. For example: Indonesian official Gini coefficient in 2008 is 0.35 using household consumption, but I found that Gini coefficient can be 0.21 using household market and non-market income 14

15 Kesimpulan (2) Cash transfers and benefits in-kind Government programs in health and education improve income distribution, but not subsidies. Most of subsidies are price subsidies which apply to all consumers and rich households consume more. 15

16 Policy Responses Calculation of income inequality need to accommodate non-market income to avoid misleading results which could lead poor policy. Maintaining and increasing further cash transfers and public spending on health and education. Reform the subsidy system from price subsidies to targeted subsidies or other pro-poor poor programs. 16

17 Terimakasih ih 17