Pengukuran Pendapatan Nasional / output domestik

Transkripsi

1 Pengukuran Pendapatan Nasional / output domestik Pengertian /bagaimana GDP didefinisikan Pengukuran /bagaimana GDP diukur Pendekatan dalam pengukuran Nominal vs Riil Indeks Harga Contoh PDB Indonesia KelemahanKonsepGDP

2 Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome Pengertian : Total market value All final goods and services Produced In a given year

3 Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome Pengertian : A Monetary Measure Avoiding Multiple Counting (Final goods ; Value Added) Excludes Non Production Transactions ( Financial Transactions : Public transfer Payments; Private transfer Payments; Stock Market Transactions) and ( Secondhand Sales)

4 Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome Pendekatan/Approach : Spending/Expenditure Approach Personal Consumption Expenditures ( C ) Gross Private Domestic Investment ( I ) Government Purchases ( G ) Net Exports ( Xn) ) ; ( X M) GDP = C + I + G + ( X M )

5 Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome Pendekatan/Approach : Income Approach Compensation of Employees Rents Interest Proprietor s Income Corporate Profits

6 Mengapa pendapatan total dari suatu perekonomian sama dengan pengeluaran totalnya? GDP dapat mengukur pendapatan total setiap orang dalam suatu perekonomian serta pengeluaran total atas seluruh out put (barang( dan jasa) dari perekonomian yang bersangkutan. Karena pendapatan dan pengeluaran merupakan dua sisi dari suatu mata uang yang sama. Bagi sebuah perekonomian secara keseluruhan, pendapatan harus sama dengan pengeluarannya. Dalam diagram aliran sirkuler nampak sebagai berikut : Rumah tangga membeli berbagai barang dan jasa dari perusahaan, sedangkan perusahaan menggunakan penerimaan atau hasil penjualannya tersebut untuk membayar upah, pekerja, membayar sewa bangunan, membayar deviden dan sebagainya.. GDP sama dengan jumlah total yang dibelanjakan oleh rumah tangga di pasar barang dan jasa.. GDP juga sama dengan total upah, sewa, dan laba yang dibayarkan perusahaan di pasar factor produksi.

7 Diagram aliran sirkuler Penerimaan ( = GDP) PASAR BARANG DAN JASA Pengeluaran (= GDP) Pengeluaran barang dan jasa Pembelian barang dan jasa PERUSAHAAN RUMAH TANGGA Input untuk produksi Tenaga kerja, tanah, dan modal PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI Upah, sewa dan laba (= GDP) Pendapatan (= GDP)

8 The Circular Flow Revisited Resource Market Expenditures Goods & Services Resources Goods & Services Businesses Government Households Net Taxes Expenditures Goods & Services Net Taxes Product Market

9 Hubungan antara GDP, NNP, NI, PI dan DI Gross Domestic Product 12,487 Consumption of fixed capital Net Domestic Product 10,913 Statistical discrepancy Net foreign factor income + 34 National Income 10,904 Taxes on productions and imports Social security contributions Corporate income taxes Undistributed corporate profits Transfer payment Personal Income 10,248 Personal Taxes Disposable Income 9,038

10 Two Approaches to GDP Expenditure Approach Consumption by Households + Investment by Businesses + Government Purchases + Expenditures By Foreigners G = D= P Income Approach Wages + + Rents Interest + + Profits Statistical Adjustments

11 Expenditure Approach Personal Consumption Expenditures Durable Consumer Goods Nondurable Consumer Goods Consumer Expenditures for Services Gross Private Domestic Investment Machinery, Equipment, and Tools All Construction Changes in Inventories Noninvestment Transactions C I g

12 Expenditure Approach - = Gross Investment Depreciation Net Investment Gross Investment Stock of Capital Net Investment Depreciation Consumption & Government Spending Increased Stock of Capital January 1 Year s GDP December 31

13 Expenditure Approach Government Purchases G Expenditures for Goods and Services Expenditures for Social Capital Net Exports X n Xn = Exports (X)( Imports (M)( Putting It All Together: GDP = C + I + G + Xn GDP= $8, , , = $12,487 in 2005

14 GDP Approaches Compared Accounting Statement for the U.S. Economy, 2005 in Billions Receipts Expenditures Approach Personal Consumption (C) Gross Private Domestic Investment (I g ) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (X n ) $ Allocations Income Approach Compensation Rents Interest Proprietor s Income Corporate Profits Taxes on Production and Imports National Income $ $10,904 Gross Domestic Product $ 12,487 Net Foreign Factor Income -34 Statistical Discrepancy 43 Consumption of Fixed Capital 1574 Gross Domestic Product $ 12,487

15 The Income Approach Compensation of Employees Rents Interest Proprietor s Income Corporate Profits Corporate Income Taxes Dividends Undistributed Corporate Profits Taxes on Production and Imports

16 The Income Approach From National Income to GDP Net Foreign Factor Income Statistical Discrepancy Consumption of Fixed Capital Other National Accounts Net Domestic Product (NDP) National Income (NI) Personal Income (PI) Disposable Income (DI) DI = C + S

17 The Income Approach Income Relationships United States, 2005 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Consumption of Fixed Capital Net Domestic Profit (NDP) Statistical Discrepancy Net Foreign Factor Income National Income (NI) Taxes on Production and Imports Social Security Contributions Corporate Income Taxes Undistributed Corporate Profits Transfer Payments Personal Income (PI) Personal Taxes Disposable Income (DI) $ 12,487-1,574 $ 10, $ 10, ,970 $ 10,248-1,210 $ 9,038

18 X - M ALL OTHER COUNTRIES Compensation of Employees Rents Interest NI PI DI GDP Dividends Proprietor s Income Corporate Income taxes Undistributed Corporate profit Taxes on productions and imports NNP Corporate Income taxes Undistributed Corporate profit Taxes on productions and imports Social Security Con tributions Personal Taxes Transfer payments Consumption of fixed capital Consumption of fixed capital Business I Government G House hold C

19 Penghitungan GDP riil dengan tahun dasar, tahun 1 Year Unit Of Output Price of Pizza per unit Price Index ( year 1=100) Nominal GDP Real GDP

20 Penghitungan GDP HARGA DAN KUANTITAS Tahun Harga Hotdog Kuantitas Hotdog Harga Kuantitas Hamburger Hamburger 2001 $1 100 $

21 GDP Nominal, GDP Riil, dan GDP Deflator PERHITUNGAN GDP NOMINAL Tahun 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ ($2 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($3 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ ($3 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($4 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 1,200 PERHITUNGAN GDP RIIL ( Tahun dasar 2001 ) Tahun 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ ($1 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ ($1 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 500 PERHITUNGAN GDP DEFLATOR Tahun 2001 $ 200 / $ 200 X 100 = $ 600 / $ 350 X 100 = $ 1, 2000 / $ 500 X 100 = 240

22 Nominal GDP, Real GDP and GDP Price Index, Selected Years Year Nominal GDP, Billion of $ Real GDP, Billion of $ GDP Price Index (200 = , , ,

23 Penghitungan GDP deflator GDP deflator GDP deflator GDP Nominal GDP riil X 100

24 Contoh PDB Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha STRUKTUR PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO INDONESIA MENURUT LAPANGAN USAHA TAHUN 2002 DAN TAHUN 2003 (Persentase( Persentase) LAPANGAN USAHA (1) (2) (3) 1. Pertanian, Peternakan, Kehutanan dan Perikanan 17,09 16,58 2. Pertambangan dan Penggalian 11,06 10,70 3. Industri Pengolahan 25,44 24,65 4. Listrik,, Gas dan Air Bersih 1,89 2,22 5. Bangunan 5,83 6,00 6. Perdagangan,, Hotel dan Restoran 16,49 16,32 7. Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi 5,76 6,25 8. Keuangan, Persewaan dan Jasa Perusahaan, 6,84 6,88 9. Jasa-jasa 9,59 10,39 PDB 100,00 100,00 PDB TANPA MIGAS 89,03 89,27

25 PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN 1993 (Triliun( Rupiah) Jenis Penggunaan Pertumbuhan (persen) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumahtangga 296,6 308,5 4,02 2. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Pemerintah 35,4 38,8 9,84 3. Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto 95,4 96,7 1,36 4. Perubahan Stok -17,7-19,5-5. Ekspor Barang dan Jasa 101,7 103,7 1,96 6. Dikurangi Impor Barang dan Jasa 118,9 123,7 4,04 Produk Domestik Bruto 426,9 444,5 4,10

26 Shortcomings of GDP Nonmarket Activities Leisure Improved Product Quality The Underground Economy GDP and the Environment Composition and Distribution of the Output Noneconomic Sources of Well-Being