Tipe element MINGGU 2: STRUKTUR, FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN LANSKAP 29/12/2010 BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR LANSKAP? Tipe element

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1 29/12/21 MINGGU 2: STRUKTUR, FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN LANSKAP Landscape Structure: spatial relationships among landscape elements (hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk) Landscape Function: how the elements act and interact (bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar elemen) Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo Bogor Agricultural University INDONESIA Landscape Change: alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time (alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu) BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR LANSKAP? Tipe element Tipe element Dominansi /Luas (size) element Jumlah tiap element (Heterogenitas) Bentuk (shape)/size elemen Distribusi/arrangement 1

2 29/12/21 Dominansi Heterogenitas Distribusi/Arrangement Distribusi/Arrangement 2

3 29/12/21 Bentuk/shape Bentuk/shape Faktor apa yg menentukan structure/pattern sebuah lanskap Tipe Disturbance/gangguan Intensity Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance) Timing (coincidence) Extent/Area Distribution (random/clumped) Sucession Biophysical Factors Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic interaction : competion, domince) Climate Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance) DISTURBANCE : Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi, atau lingkungan fisik any process or condition external to the natural physiology of living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter than the accumulation of the biomass. Any relatively discrete event in space and time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances typically cause a significant change in the system. 3

4 29/12/21 STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance) Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the concept of succession. Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (22) disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment Disturbance 1) Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang terganggu/hilang/mati Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire) Clear cutting/selective logging 1) Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses suksesi bisa berlangsung. Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir, kebakaran Disturbance 3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan 4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance 5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar 4

5 State variables 29/12/21 Disturbance Recovery- PATCH ORIGIN Disturbance Recovery Seasonal Time Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession, Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax (titik akhir suksesi), Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa) Succession FAKTA DARI RESEARCH Disturbance and Species Existence Primer : occurring over decades to centuries explain much of the local variation among ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang) Secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated sites after disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging, and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc) 5

6 Apr-98 May-98 Jun-98 Jul-98 Aug-98 Sep-98 Oct-98 Nov-98 Dec-98 Jan-99 Feb-99 Mar-99 Apr-99 May-99 Jun-99 Jul-99 Aug-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Dec-99 Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- 29/12/21 Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- DISTURBANCE RECOVERY (Case study) Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN MILLION HECTARE RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE : NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES

7 No. of species No. of species No. of sp 29/12/21 PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY (Species Diversity) Saplings Natural Post fire A mangium Exogenous disturbance H.SIMBOLON et.al No. of subplots Trees Natural Post fire A mangium Herbs & Seedlings Natural Post fire A mangium No. of subplots No. of sub-plots KONDISI LANSKAP STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF (left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush <.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter layer without under story, 1 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light logging/swamps. Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and NJ Pinelands, USA Zheng, D 1*., J.J. LaCroix 1, S. Ryu 1, J. Chen 1, J. Hom 2, and K. Clark 2 Eastern USA 1 University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 4366, USA. 2 USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 1973, USA KESIMPULAN Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants. 7

8 29/12/21 SOURCE & SINK GHG L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS TIARA SUKRA DEWI Land-use/cover changes in Jambi impact on green house gas : reduction of above-ground carbon stock : 1 x 1 6 ton/year reduction of Methane gas absorption : 1.5 x 1 3 ton/year Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian Kondisi Burung Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D Jumlah jenis Indeks Keanekaragaman Indeks Kemerataan Jumlah Jenis Dominan Jumlah Jenis Jarang Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi Jumlah Jenis Endemik

9 Kerapatan Relatif Kerapatan Relatif Kerapatan Relatif Kerapatan Relatif 29/12/ A Kacamata gunung Walet linci Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen Jaw a C Jenis Burung Jenis Burung B Perenjak Jaw a Gelatik-batu kelabu Cekakak Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Cekakak sungai Layang-layang batu Cucak kutilang Srigunting hitam Cica-koreng Jaw a Burung-madu sriganti Pelanduk semak Cabai gunung Walet linci Kacamata gunung Layang-layang batu Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Cekakak Jaw a Cucak kutilang Cinenen Jaw a Pelanduk semak Kacamata biasa Tekukur biasa Raja-udang meninting Cekakak sungai Burung-madu sriganti Remetuk laut Burung-gereja Erasia Kacamata Gunung (Zosterops montanus) Walet linci (Collocalia linchi) Jenis Burung Walet linci Kacamata gunung Kacamata biasa Gelatik-batu kelabu Tekukur biasa Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Pelanduk semak Burung-madu sriganti Srigunting kelabu Cinenen pisang Cekakak Jaw a Srigunting hitam Wiw ik kelabu Munguk beledu Meninting besar Caladi tilik Empuloh janggut Cabai Jaw a Bondol Jaw a Layang-layang batu Merbah cerucuk Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen kelabu Gemak loreng Burung-madu kelapa Jenis Burung Kacamata gunung Walet linci Pelanduk semak Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Gelatik-batu kelabu Cinenen Jaw a Tepus pipi-perak Wiw ik uncuing Srigunting hitam Layang-layang batu Empuloh janggut Munguk beledu Tekukur biasa Cekakak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Jingjing batu Meninting besar Cinenen pisang Burung-madu sriganti Cabai gunung D Kacamata Gunung (Zosterops montanus) Kacamata biasa (Zosterops palpebrosus) Walet linci (Collocalia linchi) 9