ILMU EKONOMI: PENGANTAR

Transkripsi

1 ILMU EKONOMI: PENGANTAR Ilmu Ekonomi: Konsep Ilmu Ekonomi Kajian bagaimana masyarakat menggunakan sumber daya yang langka untuk memproduksi komoditi komoditi dan mendistribusikan kepada masyarakat (Samuelson, 2001) 1

2 Ilmu Ekonomi: Konsep Ilmu Ekonomi Studi tentang bagaimana individu dan masyarakat mengambil pilihan untuk menggunakan sumber daya langka yang telah disediakan oleh alam dan generasi sebelumnya. (Case & Fair, 2007) Ilmu Ekonomi: Konsep Ilmu Ekonomi Ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana masyarakat me-manages / mengatur penggunaan dari sumberdaya alam yang langka (Mankiw, 2004) 2

3 Ilmu Ekonomi: Konsep Ilmu Ekonomi Mempelajari bagaimana manusia menggunakan sumberdaya yang terbatas untuk memenuhi keinginannya yang tidak terbatas. (McEachern, 2001) Mengapa Mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomi? Alasan mengapa mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomi: karena terdapat masalah masalah dalam ekonomi, dimana kebutuhan akan barang tidak terbatas, tetapi alat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut (sumber daya alam) terbatas 3

4 Mengapa Mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomi? Alasan mengapa mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomi: to learn a way of thinking, to understand society, to understand global affairs, and to be an informed voter. (Case & Fair, 2007) Mengapa Mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomi? To Understand The World Better To Gain Self-confidence To Achieve Social Change To Help Prepare For Other Careers To Become An Economist (Hall) 4

5 Masalah Masalah Ekonomi Masalah masalah ekonomi: production and consumption scarcity: the central economic problem (Sloman, 2004) Masalah masalah Ekonomi Masalah masalah ekonomi: Apa? (Whats) Bagaimana? (How) Untuk Siapa? (For whom) (Samuelson, 2001) 5

6 Masalah Masalah Ekonomi A household and an economy face many decisions: Who will work? What goods and how many of them should be produced? What resources should be used in production? At what price should the goods be sold? (Mankiw, 2004) Masalah Masalah Ekonomi Central Problems of Economics are: 1. What & How Much, to Produce 2. How to produce it 3. For Whom to produce it (Colander, 2001) What, How, When, Where and For Whom? (Parkin, Powell, Mathews, 2006) 6

7 Masalah Masalah Ekonomi Economic problem Relates to the allocation of scarce resources among alternative uses. Choices have to be made as to how the scarce resources are allocated among the different ends, resulting in opportunity costs. (Ison & Wall, 2007) Masalah Masalah Ekonomi What goods and services are to be produced? How to produce these goods and services? For whom these goods and services are to be produced? Are the resources efficiently used? Are the resources fully employed? How to attain growth in the economy? (Dutta, 2006) 7

8 Cakupan Ilmu Ekonomi Terdapat dua pembagian utama Ilmu Ekonomi: 1. Ilmu Ekonomi Mikro 2. Ilmu Ekonomi Makro The term Micro and Macro economics have been coined by Prof. Ragnar Frisch of Oslo University during 1920 s Ilmu Ek Mikro vs Makro microeconomics The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units that is, business firms and households. macroeconomics The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregates income, employment, output, and so on on a national scale. 8

9 Ilmu Ek Mikro vs Makro Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how these decision makers interact in the broader marketplace. In microeconomics, an individual chooses to maximize his or her utility subject to his or her budget constraint. Macroeconomic events arise from the interaction of many individuals trying to maximize their own welfare. Because aggregate variables are the sum of the variables describing individuals decisions, the study of macroeconomics is based on microeconomic foundations. Ilmu Ek Mikro vs Makro 9

10 TABLE 1.1 Examples of Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Concerns DIVISION OF ECONOMICS PRODUCTION PRICES INCOME EMPLOYMENT Microeconomics Production/output in individual industries and businesses How much steel How much office space How many cars Price of individual goods and services Price of medical care Price of gasoline Food prices Apartment rents Distribution of income and wealth Wages in the auto industry Minimum wage Executive salaries Poverty Employment by individual businesses and industries Jobs in the steel industry Number of employees in a firm Number of accountants Macroeconomics National production/output Aggregate price level National income Employment and unemployment in the economy Total industrial output Gross domestic product Growth of output Consumer prices Producer prices Rate of inflation Total wages and salaries Total corporate profits Total number of jobs Unemployment rate 10

11 Bagaimana Ekonom Berfikir Ekonom berfikir menggunakan: Model (Penyederhanaan dari Realita): - Konsep - Persamaan Matematis - Gambar/Grafik/Diagram Asumsi (Hal yang harus dipenuhi) Ilmu Ekonomi Positif vs Normatif Ilmu Ekonomi Positif: An approach to economics that seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments. It describes what exists and how it works. Ilmu Ekonomi Normatif: An approach to economics that analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of action. Also called policy economics 11

12 Ilmu Ekonomi Positif vs Normatif Descriptive Economics and Economic Theory descriptive economics The compilation of data that describe phenomena and facts. economic theory A statement or set of related statements about cause and effect, action and reaction. 12

13 Criteria for judging economic outcomes: Criteria for judging economic outcomes: 1. Efficiency 2. Equity 3. Growth 4. Stability Founder of Economics 13