Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Transkripsi

1 Socioemotional Development in Infancy Kisi-kisi Perkembangan Emosional Apakah emosi itu? Perkembangan emosi Temperamen Kelekatan Exploring Emotions Exploring Emotions Apakah emosi itu? Perasaan atau afeksi dalam keadaan atau interaksi yang ditandai dengan:? Ekspresi perilaku? Pengalaman kesadaran? Dorongan fisiologis ekspresi positif dan negatif Apakah emosi itu? Ekspresi wajah untuk emosi dasar:? Bawaan biologis, sama di seluruh budaya Emosi adalah bawaan, namun dikembangkan dengan interaksi Perkembangan Psikososial (Erik Erikson) 1. Tahap Percaya vs Tidak Percaya (0-1 tahun) Kepercayaan anak berdasar pemenuhan kebutuhan fisik dan psikologis Kepercayaan dibangun jika ada pengasuh yang responsif contoh : memeluk anak ketika menangis, memberi makan, dll Penting untuk landasan hubungan sosial anak selanjutnya jika tidak ada perhatian dari pengasuh anak sulit percaya dengan orang lain 2. Otonomi vs Malu dan Ragu (1-3 tahun) Anak punya banyak kemampuan baru dan lebih mandiri. Contoh : makan sendiri, berjalan, dll. Senang mencoba dan eksplorasi, namun belum terarah. Contoh : memegang semua barang di sekitarnya Jika tidak ada kesempatan dari pengasuh anak akan merasa bingung dan ragu dengan kemampuannya 1

2 Perkembangan Emosi Awal Emosi Dasar? Muncul di manusia dan beberapa hewan lainnya? Mulai ada sejak usia 6 bulan? Bentuknya: terkejut, gembira, marah, sedih, takut, dan jijik Self-conscious emotions? Mulai tampak usia 18 bulan-2 tahun? Membutuhkanstandard dan aturan sosial? Bentuknya: empati, cemburu, dan malu Infant Crying Basic cry? Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest Anger cry? Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage, with more excess air forced through vocal chords Pain cry? Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus Infant Smiling Reflexive smile? Tidak untuk merespon stimulus dari luar? Terjadi pada bulan pertama setelah lahir, terutama saati tidur Social smile? Respon pada stimulus eksternal? Terjadi mulai usia 2-3 bulan? Biasanya merespon wajah orang lain Fear Pertama muncul di usia 6 bulan, mencapai puncaknya di usia 18 bulan Stranger anxiety rasa cemas dan takut pada orang asing, intens di usia 9-12 bulan? Dipengaruhi oleh konteks sosial, karakteristik orang asing tersebut? Individual variations Separation protest menangis ketika pengasuh pergi; mencapai puncak di usia sekitar 15 bulan Social Referencing membaca petunjuk emosional dari orang lain dalan menentukan sikap di situasi tertentu Kemampuan berkembang di usia 2 tahun Banyak anak usia bulan melihat wajah ibu sebagai sumber informasi Emotional Regulation and Coping Bayi menggunakan cara menenangkan diri dalam coping, misal: menghisap jempol saat merasa cemas Selanjutnya pengalihan perhatian juga dapat digunakan untuk coping Mulai 2 tahun, batita menggunakan bahasa untuk ekspresi emosi Konteks mempengaruhi pengaturan emosi 2

3 Gaya perilaku individual dan karakteristik dalam merespon emosi? Berhubungan erat dengan kepribadian Rothbart and Bates Classification? Extraversion urgency? Negative affectivity? Effortful control (self-regulation) Chess and Thomas Classification Tiga tipe dasar:? Easy child: mood positif, cepat membangun rutinitas sendiri, mudah beradaptasi dengan pengalaman baru? Difficult child: bereaksi negatif, sering menangis, rutinitas yang tidak teratur, lambat menerimapengalaman baru? Slow-to-warm-up child: tingkat aktivitasnya rendah, menunjukkan adaptasi yang lama, menunjukkanintensitasmood dalam taraf rendah Theories of Attachment Attachment close emotional bond between two people Freud infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction? Harlow s study proved otherwise Theories of Attachment Erikson first year of life is key time for attachment development? Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations Bowlby stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver? Four phases of attachment in first 2 years Individual Differences and the Strange Situation Ainsworth s measure of infant attachment to caregiver? Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions? Some infants have more positive attachments than others Development of the attachment bond 0-6 weeks? Pre-attachment? Infant produces innate signals to gain comfort Bayi memunculkan tanda-tanda untuk mendapatkan rasa nyaman 6 weeks to 7 months? Attachment-in-the-making? Preference for familiar people Lebih memilih untuk dekat dengan orang yang dikenal? Development of the attachment bond Berkembangnya ikatan kelekatan 3

4 Development of the attachment bond 7 months to around 1 and ½ years? Clear-cut attachment? Seek out regular care givers? Mencari pengasuh yang sudah dikenalnya? Separation protest, wariness of strangers? Menolak untuk berpisahdan curiga pada orang asing (baru)? Secure base is formed? Terbentuknya dasar-dasar rasa aman 2 years onward? Reciprocal relationship? Hubungannya sudah timbal balik? Child has increased understanding of relationship? Anak memiliki pemahaman yang lebih meningkat tentang hubungan dirinya dan orang lain dengalebih dalam Testing attachment Strange Situation Task (Ainsworth, 1960 s):? Infants around 12 months? A pattern of separations from and reunions the mother Aim? To diagnose differing patterns of attachment form child s reactions Strange Situation Procedure Parent and infant are introduced to the experimental room. Parent and infant are alone. Parent does not participate while infant explores. Stranger enters, converses with parent, then approaches infant. Parent leaves inconspicuously. First separation episode:? Stranger's behavior is geared to that of infant. Strange Situation Procedure First reunion episode:? Parent greets and comforts infant, then leaves again. Second separation episode:? Infant is alone. Continuation of second separation episode:? Stranger enters and gears behavior to that of infant. Second reunion episode:? Parent enters, greets infant, and picks up infant; stranger leaves inconspicuously. Secure (Pattern B) Patterns Seeks contact and proximity of Attachment to mother esp. in reunion episodes Distressed during Separation episodes Prefers mother to stranger Around 65% of infants Insecure Resistant (Pattern C) Mixture of anger and relief on reunion Very distressed in Separation Little exploratory behavior Around 15% of infants Attachment Categories Securely attached Insecure avoidant Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver Insecure Avoidant (Pattern A) Little or no tendency to seek proximity to mother Avoidance of proximity during reunion not distressed during separation Little difference in attitude to stranger Around 20% of infants Insecure resistant Insecure disorganized Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented 4

5 Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification Kelekatan pada Bayi Secure Insecure Avoidant Perilaku Pengasuh Sensitive to signals, available Unavailable or rejecting Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities? Feeding? Changing diapers Insecure Resistant Inscure Disorganized Inconsistent Neglect or physically abuse? Bathing Paternal interactions more likely to include play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts Child Care Many parents worry about child s care Child care strategies for parents? Quality of parenting is key to child s development? Make decisions that enhance being good parents? Monitor child s development? Take time to find the best child care Child care may harm some children more than others 5