AN ANALYSIS OF HEDGES IN WRITTEN TEXTS OF THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013 By: ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI NIM 200932114 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2013 i
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AN ANALYSIS OF HEDGES IN WRITTEN TEXTS OF THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF PARAGRAPH WRITING CLASS OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2013 SKRIPSI Presented to the University of Muria Kudus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program In the Department of English Education By ASTRI DEWI MUSTIKORINI NIM 200932114 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY 2013 iii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION MOTTO Everything is begun by the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful Make a great job with bismillahirrohmanirrohim Man jadda wa jadda Faith, effort, prayer, and love are my motivation Actually there is an easy after difficulty (QS Al Insiroh:6) DEDICATION This skripsi is dedicated to: Allah SWT the migthty Her beloved mom Mrs. Murwati (Alm) and daddy Mr. Heriyono who always give their love, attention, pray, and everything for her Her dearest Panda who always faithful loves and support her Her beloved friends Eleveners plus who always help for their skripsi iv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Allah SWT the God of universe for blessing and guidance so that the writer finish her skripsi entitled An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013. The writer realizes that she would not be able to finish her skripsi without the guidances, advices, suggestions and encouragements from many persons. Through this occasion, the writer would like to express the sincere gratitude and appreciation for many people in completing her skripsi. They are: 1. Dr. Drs. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd, as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty University of Muria Kudus. 2. Diah Kurniati, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the Head of English Education Department Teacher Training and Education Faculty University of Muria Kudus. 3. Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd as the first advisor who has given guidance and suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi. 4. Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd, as the second advisor who has given guidance and suggestion wisely in the completion of this skripsi. 5. Her beloved parents, and all of her families who always motivate and pray for the writer for finishing this skripsi. 6. Her dearest Panda who always give the writer the greatest love and support to do the best in this skripsi. vii
7. Her beloved friends E+ (Eleveners Plus) who assist and back up the writer to compose this skripsi. Finally, the writer believes that there is nothing perfect in the world and this skripsi is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms are always needed for the betterment. Hopefully, this skripsi will be useful and give benefit for herself and everyone especially in the field of English teaching learning. Kudus, September 2013 The writer Astri Dewi. M NIM. 200932114 viii
ABSTRACT Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. An Analysis of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of Paragraph Wring Class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013. Skripsi. English Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Muria Kudus University. Advisor: (1) Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd Key Words : Analysis, Hedges, Written Texts Writing is way of expression of communication. Writing is considered as the most difficult skill to learn.the purposes of writing are to express one s self, to provide information for one s reader, to persuade the reader, and to create a literary work. In written texts usually hedges is used. It is because of hedges is the expression of tentativness possibility in language use to reduce the strength of statement. In this research, there are two objectives of the research. They are: (i) to identify the types of hedges used in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus University in the academic year 2013. (ii) To know the function of types of hedges in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus University in the academic year 2013. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this research is the types of hedges. Meanwhile, the data source is written texts of the second semester students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in academic year 2013. Based on the analysis of students texts, the writer found (i) The frequency of the types of hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus University in academic year 2013 are modal auxiliary verbs, modal lexical verbs, approximate degree of quantity and time, adjectival, adverbial and nominal modal phrase, introductory phrases, if clause, compound hedges. With the frequency 127,13, 69, 34, 22, 22, 16 (ii) The frequency of the function of hedges found in written texts of the second semester students of Muria Kudus University in academic year 2013 are accuracy oriented (attribute), accuracy oriented (reliability), writer oriented, and reader oriented. With the frequency 62, 220, 5, 34. Relating to the analyzing of hedges, the writer suggests that the students should be able to understand and use hedges in making claim or statement.the lecturers of English Education Department must teach students how to identify and use hedges devices effectively in their writing and properly not only in making English Skripsi, but also in the other English written texts. This research can be used in the contribution for further researcher concerning hedges. ix
ABSTRAKSI Mustikorini, Astri Dewi. 2013. Analisa Hedges di Dalam Teks Tertulis di Mahasiswa-Mahasiswi Semester Dua di Kelas Menulis Paragraf di Universitas Muria Kudus di Tahun Akademik 2013. Skripsi. Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muria Kudus. Pembimbing: (1) Mutohhar, S.Pd, M.Pd (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd Kata Kunci : Analisa, Hedges, Teks Tertulis Menulis adalah cara berekspresi dalam komunikasi. Menulis dianggap sebagai keterampilan yang paling sulit untuk belajar. Tujuan penulisan adalah untuk mengekspresikan diri sendiri, untuk memberikan informasi bagi pembaca, untuk membujuk pembaca, dan menciptakan karya sastra. Dalam teks tertulis biasanya hedges digunakan. Hal ini karena hedges adalah ekspresi kemungkinan sementara dalam penggunaan bahasa untuk mengurangi kekuatan pernyataan. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah: (i) untuk mengidentifikasi hedges yang digunakan dalam teks-tek stertulis dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013. (ii) Untuk mengetahui fungsidari hedges nilai dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data di penelitian ini adalah tipe hedges. Sedangkan sumber datanya adalah teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik2013. Berdasarkan analisis teks siswa, penulis menemukan(i) Frekuensi jenis hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013 adalahkata kerja bantu modal, modal leksikalverb, derajat perkiraan kuantitas dan waktu, kata sifat, dan adverbianominal frase modal, frase pengantar, klausa "jika", lindung nilai senyawa. Dengan frekuensi 127, 13, 69, 34, 22, 20, 16. (ii) Frekuensi fungsi hedges yang ditemukan dalam teks-teks tertulis dari mahasiswa semester II di kelas menulis paragraf Universitas Muria Kudus pada tahun akademik 2013 adalah akurasi berorientasi (atribut), akurasi berorientasi (reliabilitas), orientasi penulis, dan orientasi pembaca. Dengan frekuensi 66, 220, 7, 32. Berhubungan dengan analisis hedges, penulis menyarankan bahwa para siswa harus dapat memahami dan menggunakan hedges dalam membuat klaim atau pernyataan. Dosen Jurusan Bahasa Inggris Pendidikan harus mengajarkan siswa bagaimana untuk mengidentifikasi dan menggunakan perangkat hedges secara efektif dalam tulisan mereka dan benar tidak hanya dalam membuat skripsi inggris, tetapi juga dalam menulis teks bahasa inggris. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan dalam kontribusi bagi peneliti lebih lanjut mengenai hedges. x
TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER... LOGO... TITLE... MOTTO AND DEDICATION... ADVISORS APPROVAL... EXAMINERS APPROVAL... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... ABSTRACT... ABSTRAKSI... TABLE OF CONTENTS... LIST OF TABLES... LIST OF APPENDICES... i ii iii iv v vi vii ix x xi xiv xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem... 4 1.3 Objective of the Research... 5 1.4 Significance of the Research... 5 1.5 Scope of the Research... 5 1.6 Operational Definition... 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Hedges... 7 2.1.1 Definition of Hedges... 7 2.1.2 Types of Hedges... 8 2.1.3 Functions of Hedges... 11 2.2 Writing... 13 2.3 Paragraph Writing Class... 14 xi
2.4 Argumentative Texts... 14 2.5 Review of Previous Research... 15 2.6 Theoretical Framework... 16 CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH 3.1 Design of the Research... 18 3.2 Data and Data Source... 19 3.3 Data Collection... 19 3.4 Data Analysis... 20 CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH 4.1 Research Findings... 22 4.1.1 The Types of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 22 4.1.1.1 The Numbering Types of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 43 4.1.2 The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of paragraph writing class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 44 xii
4.1.1.1 The Numbering Function of Hedges in Written Texts of The Second Semester of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 62 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 5.1 The Type of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of Paragraph Writing Class of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 63 5.1.1 Modal Auxiliary Verb... 64 5.1.2 Modal Lexical Verb... 66 5.1.3 Approximate Degree of Quantity and Time... 67 5.1.4 Adjectival, Adverbial and Modal Phrase... 68 5.1.5 Introductory Phrase... 69 5.1.6 If Clause... 70 5.1.7 Compound Hedges... 71 5.2 The Function of Hedges Found in Written Texts of The Second Semester Students of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2013... 72 5.2.1 Accuracy Oriented sub unit (Attribute)... 72 5.2.2 Accuracy Oriented (Reliability)... 73 5.2.3 Writer Oriented... 74 5.2.4 Reader Oriented... 75 xiii
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 6.1 Conclusion... 76 6.2 Suggestion... 77 REFERENCES... 78 APPENDICES... 79 STATEMENT... 99 CURRICULUM VITAE... 100 xiv
LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1.1 Types Found in The Texts 1... 24 4.1.2 Types Found in The Texts 2... 24 4.1.3 Types Found in The Texts 3... 25 4.1.4 Types Found in The Texts 4... 26 4.1.5 Types Found in The Texts5... 27 4.1.6 Types Found in The Texts 6... 27 4.1.7 Types Found in The Texts 7... 28 4.1.8 Types Found in The Texts 8... 29 4.1.9 Types Found in The Texts 9... 30 4.1.10 Types Found in The Texts 10... 30 4.1.11 Types Found in The Texts 11... 32 4.1.12 Types Found in The Texts 12... 33 4.1.13 Types Found in The Texts 13... 34 4.1.14 Types Found in The Texts 14... 36 4.1.15 Types Found in The Texts 15... 37 4.1.16 Types Found in The Texts 16... 37 4.1.17 Types Found in The Texts 17... 38 4.1.18 Types Found in The Texts 18... 39 4.1.19 Types Found in The Texts 19... 40 4.1.20 Types Found in The Texts 20... 41 xv
4.2.1 Function Found in TheTexts 1.... 45 4.2.2 Function Found in The Texts 2... 46 4.2.3 Function Found in The Texts 3... 46 4.2.4 Function Found in The Texts 4... 47 4.2.5 Function Found in The Texts 5... 48 4.2.6 Function Found in TheTexts 6... 46 4.2.7 Function Found in The Texts 7... 46 4.2.8 Function Found in The Texts 8... 50 4.2.9 Function Found in The Texts 9... 51 4.2.10 Function Found in The Texts 10... 51 4.2.11 Function Found in The Texts 11... 53 4.2.12 Function Found in The Texts 12... 53 4.2.13 Function Found in The Texts 13... 55 4.2.14 Function Found in The Texts 14... 56 4.2.15 Function Found in The Texts 15... 56 4.2.16 Function Found in The Texts 16... 57 4.2.17 Function Found in The Texts 17... 58 4.2.18 Function Found in The Texts 18... 56 4.2.19 Function Found in The Texts 19... 59 4.2.20 Function Found in The Texts 20... 60 xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1. The Students Argumentative Texts of Paragraph Writing A Class of Muria Kudus University... 78 xvii