GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome and Gen) Basic Knowledges: Cells Chromosome Gen Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen Kariotyping Sex Chromosome Interspecies Breeding/Mating:: Duck-Goose: TIKTOK Domba -Kambing
Tell me what I am????? 1. By the beginning of the 20 th century, cytologists had observed : chromosome number is constant in all cells of a species, but varies widely between species. 2. Sutton and Boveri (1902) independently realized the parallel between Mendelian inheritance and chromosome transmission, and proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance: that Mendelian factors (genes) are located on chromosomes.
ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES 60 30 sperms produced by meiosis sperm mother cell 30 30 30 fertilization zygote ovum mother cell 30 30 60 60 ova produced by meiosis but only one develops to maturity
Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation Mother Father 23 pairs of chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes Sex cells Meiosis 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes Fertilisation 23 pairs of chromosomes Child
CHROMOSOME = Genetic Materials? Sifat fenotipik : G + L + Interaksi G+L G : Saat Fertilisasi SPZ + Ovum Sigot mitosis : 2,4, 32 sel dsr (1/2 sel) (1/2 sel) (1 sel) G : Pengaruh dari gen gen (Terdapat dalam kromosom(
Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in chromosomes Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring
Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement Study of chromosomes In early 19 th century used light microscopy Used to prepare karyotypes: arrangement of an organisms chromosomes in homologous pairs Today, use high-resolution electron microscopy to see the genes directly
KROMOSOM SEBAGAI MATERI GENETIK Tubuh : ta Milyard Sel, berkembang dari Singgle Sel Organ: Fungsi tertentu, Jutaan Sel (Spesifik) Sel : 1 set diploid (Somatik Sel) 1 set haploid Krom seks (Germ Cell) Kromosom: lebih dari 1000 an Gen, rangkaian DNA, non gen Gen: lebih dari 1000 pasang basa DNA GTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (M GenetikI: Kromosom/Ge
KARIOTYPING Gambaran (typing) kromosom dalam inti sel Pedoman: kromosom berpasangan, homolog dan jumlahnya tertentu masing-masing spesies, dan bentuknya juga spesifik Klasifikasi Krom : metasentris, akrosentris,(submetasentris). telosentris Ukuran : diameter 0.2 2 um Panjang: 0,2 50 um Manfaat: Pewarisan sifat (normal-abnormal) Penentuan sex (jantan-betina)
Metodd of Kariotiping: Kultur sel (darah limfosit, dll) Penambahan kolkisin: stop metafase Penambahan lar. Hipototik Fiksasi Preparasi objekglas Keringkan dan warnai
CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION Chromosomes can be identified by: Their size: Ukuran Their shape (the position of the centromere) : Bentuk NB Chromosomes are flexible Banding patterns produced by specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola Chromosomes are analysed by organising them into a KARYOTYPE Biologyreference.com
Karyotyping GenetikI: Kromoom/Gen
RESULTS OF KARYOTIOPING: Letak/bentuk acak Jumlah dapat dihitung Metode: Disusun besar- kecil Besar,bentuk, homolog Urutan: Besar kecil Besar dan kesamaan bentuk Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex Manfaat 1: Penentuan normal-abnorma
Animals Chromosome
Disadvantage: low polymorphism Animals are selected based on structural & numerical variations Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc. Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy
Chromosome Abnormality: Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi, saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio Chromosome Number Variation Euploidi: multiplikasi bilangan dasar Moniploid: N kromosom Triploid : 3N (N+2N) Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan somatik krn, indukdsi kimia Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi) Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum (6N) arbei (8N) Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan semua set krom/hanya bagian krom. Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi : memecah (N) =(N+1) Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N) Tetrasonik: (2N+2)
STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi krom non homolog Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti dengan pertukaran Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu, f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,) Inversi: tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6) Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G - A.B.C.E.D.F.G Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru ABCFG