GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome)

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1 GENETIC MATERIAL I: ((Chromosome) Basic Knowledges: Cells Chromosome Gen Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen Kariotyping Sex Chromosome Interspecies Breeding/Mating:: Duck-Goose: TIKTOK Domba -Kambing

2 Tell me what I am????? 1. By the beginning of the 20 th century, cytologists had observed : chromosome number is constant in all cells of a species, but varies widely between species. 2. Sutton and Boveri (1902) independently realized the parallel between Mendelian inheritance and chromosome transmission, and proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance: that Mendelian factors (genes) are located on chromosomes.

3 ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES sperms produced by meiosis sperm mother cell fertilization zygote ovum mother cell ova produced by meiosis but only one develops to maturity

4 Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation Mother Father 23 pairs of chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes Sex cells Meiosis 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes 23 unpaired chromosomes Fertilisation 23 pairs of chromosomes Child

5 Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in chromosomes Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring

6 Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement Study of chromosomes In early 19 th century used light microscopy Used to prepare karyotypes: arrangement of an organisms chromosomes in homologous pairs Today, use high-resolution electron microscopy to see the genes directly

7 CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION Chromosomes can be identified by: Their size: Ukuran Their shape (the position of the centromere) : Bentuk NB Chromosomes are flexible Banding patterns produced by specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola Chromosomes are analysed by organising them into a KARYOTYPE Biologyreference.com

8 Karyotyping

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10 RESULTS OF KARYOTIOPING: Letak/bentuk acak Jumlah dapat dihitung Metode: Disusun besar- kecil Besar,bentuk, homolog Urutan: Besar kecil Besar dan kesamaan bentuk Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex Manfaat 1: Penentuan normal-abnorma

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12 Animals Chromosome

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14 Disadvantage: low polymorphism Animals are selected based on structural & numerical variations Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc. Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy

15 Chromosome Abnormality: Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi, saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio Chromosome Number Variation Euploidi: multiplikasi bilangan dasar Moniploid: N kromosom Triploid : 3N (N+2N) Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan somatik krn, indukdsi kimia Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi) Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum (6N) arbei (8N) Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan semua set krom/hanya bagian krom. Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi : memecah (N) =(N+1) Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N) Tetrasonik: (2N+2)

16 STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi krom non homolog Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti dengan pertukaran Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu, f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,) Inversi: tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6) Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G - A.B.C.E.D.F.G Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru ABCFG

17 GENETIC MATERIAL.II :DNA- PATERNITY TEST Chromosome Structure: Size : diameter um Panjang: 0,2 50 um M = MOTHER F = Father (1) F2 = Father (2) C = Children?

18 Gen and Chromosome Kromosom terletak didalam inti sel berbentuk serabut yang disebut benang kromatin. Setiap kromosom mengandung rantai DNA. Potongan pendek DNA disebut gen. Gen inilah yang membawa sifat keturunan Setiap gen menempati tempattertentu didalam kromosom yang disebut lokus gen

19 DNA memiliki beberapa fungsi yaitu : a) Sebagai pembawa informasi genetik dari satu generasi ke generasi lainnya b) Mengontrol aktifitas dalam sel, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung c) Menentukan proses pembentukan protein (sintesis protein) d) Membentuk RNA

20 PROSES ISOLASI DNA Secara Umum: (1).Kromosom dikeluarkan dari nukleus (2). Inti Sel (nukleus) t.a. DNA, PROTEIN(histone), RNA (Bahan utama pembentuk kromosom) ditambahkan RNA ase DNA + Protein (3). DNA + Protein DNA saja (enzim proteinase)

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22 Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida Nukleutida ta: 3 mcm molekul utama (1).gula: a. Deoxy (DNA) b. Ribose (RNA) (2). Gusus Phosphat (3). BASA NITROGEN Cat: 1 dan 2 identik pd semua sel 3 berbeda antar sel (3). BASA NITROGEN : Purine (G). Adenin (A); Guanin : Pyrimidine : (Cystine (C) ; Uracyl (U) dan Thymin (T): Pasangan : A-T; C-G DNA : C.T RNA : C.U ]

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24 Sekuen: merunut nukleotida penyusun rangkaian molekul DNA

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26 Replikasi Transkrips i Translasi

27 A probe is a piece of complementary DNA of known sequence, labeled with radioactivity so it can be detected

28 DNA recombinant technology

29 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Animal and Nutrition DNA Fingerprinting Real World Applications Crime scene Human relatedness Paternity Animal relatedness Anthropology studies Disease-causing organisms Food identification Human remains Animals Genetic: Early Selection Monitoring transplants DR. Gatot Ciptadi

30 DNA Fingerprinting: Forensics

31 Definition of recombinant DNA technology A series of procedures used to recombine DNA segments.. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate. Basic principle of recombinant DNA tech. The DNA is inserted into another DNA molecule called vector The recombinant vector is then introduced into a host cell where it replicates itself, the gene is then produced