Pertemuan-3: DESAIN PENELITIAN 6-1

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1 Pertemuan-3: DESAIN PENELITIAN 6-1

2 Metode Penelitian Prosedur penelitian urutan tugas yang harus dilakukan dalam penelitian Teknik penelitian instrumen/cara apa yang digunakan dalam penelitian Metode penelitian semua prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan penelitian Metode penelitian bervariasi tergantung pada jenis penelitian yang akan dilakukan 6-2

3 6-3 Contoh Metode dan Teknik Penelitian

4 Apa itu Desain Penelitian? Suatu rencana dan struktur penyelidikan untuk memperoleh jawaban terhadap pertanyaanpertanyaan penelitian Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan hubungan diantara variabel-variabel yang diteliti Suatu cetak biru (blueprint) untuk pengumpulan, pengukuran dan analisis data 6-4

5 Esensi dari Desain Penelitian Suatu rencana berdasarkan waktu dan aktivitas Rencana yang selalu berdasarkan pada pertanyaan penelitian Panduan untuk pemilihan sumber daya dan jenis-jenis informasi Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan hubungan-hubungan diantara variabel-variabel penelitian Ringkasan bagi suatu kegiatan penelitian 6-5

6 8 Descriptor Desain Penelitian Tingkat perumusan masalah 2. Metode pengumpulan data 3. Kemampuan peneliti dalam memberi pengaruh pada variabel-variabel yang diteliti 4. Tujuan penelitian 5. Dimensi waktu 6. Ruang lingkup topik luas dan kedalaman penelitian 7. Lingkungan penelitian 8. Persepsi subjek mengenai penelitian

7 6-7 Descriptor Desain Penelitian (1)

8 Descriptor Desain Penelitian (2) 1. Tingkat perumusan masalah Studi penjajakan (exploratory study) biasa digunakan untuk membangun suatu hipotesis atau pertanyaan untuk penelitian selanjutnya Studi formal (formal study) digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis atau menjawab pertanyaan penelitian 6-8

9 Penjelas Desain Penelitian (3) 2. Metode Pengumpulan Data Studi pengamatan (monitoring): Peneliti memantau kegiatan-kegiatan suatu subyek tanpa berusaha untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari siapapun. Survei (Communication studies): Peneliti mengajukan pertanyaan kepada subyek dan mengumpulkan jawabannya melalui cara-cara personal atau nonpersonal (misal: melalui wawancara, angket dsb.) 6-9

10 Penjelas Desain Penelitian (4) 3. Pengendalian Variabel oleh Peneliti Eksperimen : peneliti berusaha untuk mengendalikan dan/atau memanipulasi variabel penelitian. Ex post facto design : peneliti tidak mempunyai kendali/kontrol terhadap variabel-variabel penelitian; mereka hanya melaporkan tentang apa yang telah terjadi. 6-10

11 Descriptor of Research Designs (4) Tujuan Penelitian Studi pelaporan (Reporting study): provides summation of data, often recasting data to achieve a deeper understanding or to generate statistics for comparison Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction finding out who, what, where, when or how Causal study see how one variable produces changes in another learning why Causal-explanatory try to explain relationship among variables Causal-predictive to predict an effect on one variable by manipulating another variable

12 Descriptor of Research Designs (5) 5. The Time Dimension Cross-sectional studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period 6-12

13 Descriptor of Research Designs (6) 6. The Topical Scope Statistical studies attempt to capture a population s characteristics by making inferences from a sample s characteristics Case studies place more emphasis on a full contextual analysis of fewer events or conditions and their interrelations 6-13

14 Descriptor of Research Designs (7) 7. The Research Environment Field condition occur under actual environmental conditions Laboratory conditions manipulated condition Simulations to replicate the essence of a system or process 6-14

15 Descriptor of Research Designs (8) 8. A Participant s Perceptions Usefulness of a design may be reduced when people in the study perceive that research is being conducted Participants perceptions influence the outcomes of the research not natural effect 6-15

16 6-16 Exploratory Studies

17 Exploratory Studies 6-17 Definition: The process of collecting information to formulate or refine management, research, investigative, or a measurement questions Loosely structured studies that discover future research tasks, including developing concepts, establishing priorities, developing operational definitions, and improving research design A phase of research project where the researcher expands understanding of the management dilemma, look for ways others have addressed and/or solved problems similar to the management dilemma or management question, and gathers background infromation on the topic to refine the research question

18 Why do Exploratory Studies? Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems 6-18

19 Exploratory Techniques (1) 1. Qualitative Techniques Individual depth interview Participant observation Film, photograph, videotape Projective techniques and psychological testing Case studies Elite or expert interviewing Document analysis 6-19

20 Exploratory Techniques (2) 1.a. Secondary Data Analysis Books Journals Magazines Newspapers Internet Reports etc. 6-20

21 Exploratory Techniques (3) 1.b. Experience Survey Seeking information from person experienced in the area of study 1.c. Focus Group A group of people (6-10 participants), led by a trained moderator, who meet for 90 minutes to 2 hours to exchange of ideas, feelings and experiences on specific topics 6-21

22 Exploratory Techniques (4) 1.d. Two-Stage Design A design in which exploration as a distinct stage precedes a descriptive or causal design 6-22

23 6-23 Descriptive Studies

24 Descriptive Study Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction finding out who, what, where, when or how 6-24

25 6-25 Causal Studies

26 Causal Studies (1) Objective: to study aspects of who, what, when, and how of a topic. 1. Causal Studies The essential element of causation is A produces B or A forces B to occur 6-26

27 Causal Studies (2) 2. Causal Study Relationships How a variable influences other variables There are 3 posibility relationships: (1) Symmetrical two variables fluctuate together, but they are not influenced each other (2) Reciprocal two variables interact each other (3) Asymmetrical Any change of a variable causes change in other variable 6-27

28 Types of Asymmetrical Relationships 1. Stimulus-Response: A phenomenon/incident cause a respond in an object 2. Property-Disposition: Commonly applied in business and social researchs Exp.: The influence of age on saving behavior. 3. Disposition-Behavior: Exp: The relationship about opinion of a brand and purchasing brand itself 4. Property-Behavior: Exp: The relationship about age and participation in sport activity 6-28

29 6-29 Examples of Asymmetrical Causal Relationships

30 6-30 CPM Schedule of Research Design

31 6-31 Case - Group Discussion

32 Case - Group Discussion Use the eight design descriptors to profile the research in case of Cheskin Knows Teens. 6-32

33 6-33 Case - Group Discussion