To be classified as a "true" mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystalline structure. (Mineral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm).

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2 To be classified as a "true" mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystalline structure. (Mineral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm). A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes. (International Mineralogical Association, 1995) A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness. ( reference/dictionary/entry/mineral) A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. ( Mineral#Mineral_ definition_and_classification). A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite (but generally not fixed) chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement. It is usually formed by inorganic processes. (Cornelis Klein & Cornelius S. Hurlbut Jr, 1993, Manual Of Mineralogy) Mineral adalah unsur padat anorganik yang terbentuk sebagai proses geologi, mempunyai komposisi kimia, sifat fisik, dan struktur kristal

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5 Apakah mutiara termasuk mineral? Apakah garam dapur termasuk mineral? Apakah intan termasuk mineral? Apakah aspal termasuk mineral? Apakah logam baja termasuk mineral?

6 Unsur pembentuk mineral Lebih dari 92 unsur di bumi yang telah ditemukan sebagai pembentuk mineral, tetapi ada 8 unsur utama yang memiliki presentase lebih besar dibandingkan unsur lainnya Oksigen (O) 46,60 % Silikon (Si) 27,72 % Aluminium (Al) 8,13 % Besi (Fe) 5,00 % Kalsium (Ca) 3,63 % Sodium (Na) 2,83 % Potasium (K) 2,59 % Magnesium (Mg) 2,09 %

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8 Rock Forming Minerals Rock-forming minerals (the big 8) are just the common ones that are the main constituents of most common unaltered rocks. The majority of rocks on earth are made of Quartz, Kspar, Plag, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Biotite, Muscovite, and Calcite. Minerals like Olivine, Magnetite, and Hematite can be common too. Other common minerals like Serpentine, Pyrite, and Dolomite are usually secondary, not really 'forming' the rock. MENGENAL MINERAL

9 Mineral pembentuk batuan Mineral MENGENAL MINERAL Lebih dari 2000 mineral yang dapat ditemukan di kerak bumi yang akan membentuk bermacam batuan, mineral-mineral yang keberadaannya dominan dalam batuan disebut mineral pembentuk batuan (rock forming minerals).

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16 q Agricola (George Bauer, ) mengklasifikasikan mineral berdasarkan sifat fisik. q A.G. Wenner ( ), mengklasifikasikan mineral berdasarkan metoda kimia. q Berzelius (awal abad 19), mengklasifikasikan berdasarkan formula kimia. Menurut Dana (www. Mineral -Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm), CornelisKlein (Manual Of Mineralogy), mineral diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut:

17 Native element, hanya memiliki satu unsur: q : Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pt q Semi metal : As, Bi q Nonmetal : S, C Silikat : kuarsa, felspar, olivin o Karbonat : kalsit, aragonit, dolomit, Sulfat : gipsum, anhidrit, barit Halida : klorida, bromida Oksida : hematit, magnetit Sulfida : pirit, kalkopirit Fosfat : apatit, monasit

18 Kuarsa, SiO2, Rhombohedral, Kekerasan 7 Felspar, KAlSi3O8, Kekerasan 6 Olivin, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, Orthorhombic, Kekerasan 6,5-7 Kalsit, CaCO3 Rhombohedral, Kekerasan 3 Aragonit, CaCO3 Orthorhombic, Kekerasan 3 Dolomit, CaMg (CO3)2 Trigonal-rhombohedral Kekerasan 3,5-4

19 Gipsum, CaSO4 2H2O Monoclinic, Kekerasan 1,5-2 Anhidrit, CaSO4 Orthorhombic, Kekerasan 3,5 Barit, BaSO4, Orthorhombic, Kekerasan 3 Fluorit, CaF2 Isometric, Kekerasan 4 Halit, NaCl Isometric, Kekerasan 2-2,5 Silvit, KCl Kekerasan 2,5

20 Chromit, Cr2O4 Isometric, Kekerasan 5,5 Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH), Hexagonal, Kekerasan 5 Pirolusit MnO2 Kalkopirit, CuFeS2 Tetragonal, Kekerasan 3,5 Pirit, FeS2 Isometric, Kekerasan 6-6,8 Galena, PbS Isometric, Kekerasan 2,5-2,75

21 Mineral yang digunakan sebagai batu perhiasan, disebut batumulia, batu perhiasan, dan batuaji. Tidak semua mineral dapat dijadikan gemstones, hanya mineral yang memiliki kekerasan 5 ke atas. Giok (NaAlSi2O6) H = 6,5-7 Ametis (SiO2) H = 7 Topaz (Al2SiO4)(OH, F)2 H = 8 Opal (SiO2 nh2o) H = 5,5-6,5

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