Teori Keruangan I. Kuliah 04 Teori Urban Design 1 (Umum dan Komponen)

Transkripsi

1 Teori Keruangan I Kuliah 04 Teori Urban Design 1 (Umum dan Komponen)

2 "The building of cities is one of man's greatest achievements." -Edmund Bacon Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

3 Definisi Urban Design The art of creating and shaping cities and towns Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks. Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive. Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life. Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

4 Ruang Kilas balik Arsitektur Urban design Urban planning

5 Lingkup (1) Kilas balik Arsitektur Urban design Urban planning Umumnya < 1:500 Umumnya 1:500 1:2000 Skala bangunan Skala blok bangunan / blok kawasan Umumnya > 1:1000 Skala kawasan Desain Arahan desain - zonasi Zoning Umumnya mikro Rencana Teknis Arsitek, arsitek interior, ahli konstruksi, ahli utilitas bangunan Umumnya messo Rencana Detail Urban desainer, arsitek lansekap, ahli sistem utilitas kawasan, ahli transportasi Umumnya makro Rencana Umum Planner, urban planner, town planner, regional planner

6 Lingkup (2) Urban design practice areas range in scale from small public spaces or streets to neighborhoods, city-wide systems, or whole regions. the region city and town the neighborhood district and corridor the block street and building Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

7 Lingkup (3) Urban design includes infrastructure, architecture, public spaces. Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

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9 Teori-teori urban design (1a) Diambil dari pendekatan teori arsitektur kota Timbal balik antara kota sebagai proses ( rencana ) dan kota sebagai produk ( desain ) Roger Trancik (Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design, 1986): 1. Teori Figure/Ground = hubungan antara bentuk yang dibangun / building mass dengan ruang terbuka / open space Untuk mengidentifikasi tekstur dan pola tata ruang perkotaan (urban fabric) Untuk mengidentifikasi massa/ruang masalah keteraturan Kelemahan: Hanya memperhatikan gagasan ruang 2 dimensi Sering dianggap terlalu statis Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006, dengan modifikasi

10 Teori-teori urban design (1b) 2. Teori Linkage = melihat segi dinamika rupa perkotaan yang dianggap sebagai generator kota Untuk memperhatikan dan menegaskan hubunganhubungan dan gerakan-gerakan sebuah tata ruang perkotaan (urban fabric) Kelemahan: Kurang perhatian di dalam mendefinisikan perkotaan secara spasial dan kontekstual ruang 3. Teori Place = seberapa besar kepentingan tempat-tempat perkotaan yang terbuka terhadap sejarah, sosial dan budayanya Untuk memberi pengertian mengenai ruang kota melalui tanda kehidupan perkotaannya Untuk memberi pengertian mengenai ruang kota secara kontekstual Kelemahan: Perhatian hanya difokuskan pada satu tempat perkotaan saja Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006, dengan modifikasi

11 Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006,

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13 Teori-teori urban design (2a) Citra Kota Turunan dari place Kevin Lynch (The Image of The City, 1969): 1. Path (jalur): rute sirkulasi; semakin jelas jika ada tujuan besar (ke stasiun, ke alun-alun, dsb.) 2. Edge (tepian): batas antara 2 kawasan tertentu (batas UGM- Code, batas komersial-permukiman) 3. District (kawasan): ada ciri khas yang mirip (bentuk, pola, wujud) dan ada batas yang khas (kampus, permukiman, komersial, dsb.) Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006, dengan modifikasi

14 Teori-teori urban design (2b) Kevin Lynch (The Image of The City, 1969): 4. Node (simpul): aktivitas bertemu dan dapat berubah arah (simpang lalu lintas tertentu, stasiun, taman, dsb.); ada perasaan entrance dan exit ; semakin jelas jika bentuknya jelas (mudah diingat) dan tampilannya berbeda dengan lingkungannya (fungsi, bentuk). Misalnya: simpang Tugu YK, Stasiun Lempuyangan 5. Landmark ( penanda / tengeran): titik referensi (mirip node), tetapi orang tidak harus masuk ke dalamnya karena bisa dilihat dari luar; ada bentuk visual yang menonjol Sumber: Zahnd, Markus, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu: Teori Perancangan Kota dan Penerapannya, Kanisius, 2006, dengan modifikasi

15 Kilas balik

16 Kilas balik

17 Teori-teori urban design (3) akan didetailkan pada minggu-minggu berikutnya Hamid Shirvani (Urban Design Process) 1. Land use 2. Building form and massing 3. Activity support 4. Preservation 5. Open spaces 6. Circulation and parking 7. Pedestrian ways 8. Signage Sumber: Hamid Shirvani, Urban Design Process

18 Prinsip-prinsip (1) Urban design involves place-making - the creation of a setting that imparts a sense of place to an area. This process is achieved by establishing identifiable neighborhoods, unique architecture, aesthetically pleasing public places and vistas, identifiable landmarks and focal points, and a human element established by compatible scales of development and ongoing public stewardship. Other key elements of placemaking include: lively commercial centers, mixed-use development with ground-floor retail uses, human-scale and context-sensitive design; safe and attractive public areas; imagemaking; and decorative elements in the public realm. Urban design practice areas range in scale from small public spaces or streets to neighborhoods, city-wide systems, or whole regions. urban design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns: building, public spaces, street, landsacape, transport, etc. urban design weaves together elements into a coherent, organized design structure the urban design structure defines the urban form and the building form Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

19 Prinsip-prinsip (2) The creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect of urban design. Artistic principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial definition, which are: Order Unity Balance Proportion Scale Hierarchy Symmetry Rhythm Contrast Context Detail Texture Harmony Beauty Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

20 Komponen Umum Urban Design (1) Buildings Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by forming the streetwalls of the city. Well designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place. Public space Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible - they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood parks. Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

21 Komponen Umum Urban Design (2) Streets Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale, and character of the buildings that line them. Streets range from grand avenues such as the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small, intimate pedestrian streets. The pattern of the street network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique. Transport Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable movement throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together form the total movement system of a city. The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile. Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

22 Komponen Umum Urban Design (3) Landscape The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements. Green spaces in cities range from grand parks such as Central Park in New York City and the Washington DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks. Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008

23 Komponen Rancangan Permen PU no 06/2007 tentang Pedoman Umum RTBL, dengan penyesuaian 1. Struktur peruntukan lahan ( bangunan) 2. Intensitas pemanfaatan lahan ( bangunan) (ingat struktur dan pola pemanfaatan ruang ) 3. Tata bangunan 4. Sistem sirkulasi dan jalur penghubung 5. Sistem ruang terbuka dan tata hijau 6. Tata kualitas lingkungan 7. Sistem prasarana dan utilitas lingkungan ( sarana prasarana)

24 Komponen urban design Komponen Umum Buildings Public spaces Hamid Shirvani Kawasan dan bangunan Land use Building form and massing Activity support Preservation Streets Transport Landscape Lingkungan dan penunjang Open spaces Circulation and parking Pedestrian ways Signage

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26 Contoh-contoh urban design (1) Washington DC Cartagena, Colombia Salt Lake City, UT Copenhagen, Denmark Portofino, Italy Strasbourg, France Sumber: diakses Oktober 2008