HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN

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1 HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN Oleh: Dr. Miftahul Huda, SH, LLM Disampaikan Dalam Kuliah HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN Program S1 Reguler/Paralel/Ekstensi Fakultas Hukum - Universitas Indonesia Semester Genap Tahun Akademik 2014/2015 Jakarta, 23 Pebruari 2015 By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 1

2 APA & BAGAIMANA PRINSIP-PRINSIP JUAL BELI? Perjanjian khusus ( KUH Perdata)? Asas konsensuil - obligatoir (1458 KUH Perdata)? Hak-hak & kewajiban-kewajiban? Beralihnya resiko? Beralihnya hak milik? Cara pembayaran? Jual beli dengan L/C - penegasan kembali hak dan kewajiban? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 2

3 JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? UCP 600 : 2007 Revision berlaku 1 Juli 2007 Jenis L/C - Dari segi penggunaan: (1) Documentary L/C - Commercial L/C/Merchandise L/C (2) Standby L/C SBLC - Security Istilah & Definisi (1) Istilah: Commercial Credit Letter of Credit Documentary Credit Credit By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 3

4 JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? ARTICLE 2 Meaning of Credit ([UCP 500] For the purposes of these Articles, the expressions "Documentary Credit(s)" and Standby Letter(s) of Credit" (hereinafter referred to as "Credit(s)"), mean any arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank (the "Issuing Bank") acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the "Applicant") or on its own behalf, i. is to make a payment to or to the order of a third party (the "Beneficiary"), or is to accept and pay bills of exchange (Draft(s)) drawn by the Beneficiary, or ii. authorizes another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bills of exchange (Draft(s)); or iii. authorizes another bank to negotiate, against stipulated document(s), provided that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with. For the purposes of these Articles, branches of a bank in different countries are considered another bank. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 4

5 SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS INCOTERMS 2000 = 13 TERMS PERJ. EXPEDISI PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN E EXPEDITUR B/L B/L F CARRIER GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY GOODS DOCUMENTS EXW L/C A SELLER DOCUMENTS D ADVISING BANK GOOD/SERVICES RP/$ SALES CONTRACT Goods/ Services L/C PRICE = PAYMENT DOCUMENTS RP/$ RP/$ DOCUMENTS Rp/$ C ISSUING BANK B BUYER APPLICATION AUTHORIZING: TO PAY DDP TO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE L/C AUTHORIZING: TO PAY TO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE UCP 500/SKBDN By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 5

6 JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C? ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS [UCP 600] Credit" means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of issuing bank to honour a complying presentation. Honour means: a. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment. b. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment. c. to accept a bill of exchange ( draft ) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity of the credit is available by acceptance. Issuing bank means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf. Complying presentation means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice. Presentation means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered. Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank. Beneficiary means the party whose favour a credit issued. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 6

7 SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS INCOTERMS 2010 = 11 TERMS PERJ. EXPEDISI PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN E EXPEDITUR B/L B/L F CARRIER GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY GOODS DOCUMENTS EXW L/C A SELLER DOCUMENTS B/E D ADVISING BANK GOOD/SERVICES RP/$ SALES CONTRACT Goods/ Services L/C PRICE = PAYMENT DOCUMENTS L/C UNDERTAKING TO REIMBURSE NOMINATED BANK TO HONOUR:TO PAY AT SIGHT PAYMENT, TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT, TO ACCEPT B/E & PAY OR NEGOTIATE WITHOUT RECOURSE RP/$ UCP 600/SKBDN RP/$ DOCUMENTS Rp/$ C ISSUING BANK B BUYER DDP APPLICATION ANY ARRANGMENT DEFINITE UNDERTAKING TO HONOUR: TO PAY AT SIGHT TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT TO ACCEPT B/E (DRAF) TO NEGOTIATE ISSUES A CREDIT AT THE REQUEST OF APPLICANT OR ON ITS OWN BEHALF By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 7

8 Sample L/C Application? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 8

9 Sample L/C? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 9

10 Sample SBLC? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 10

11 Mike Tyson v. Lennox Lewis? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 11

12 L/C Pertamina? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 12

13 Disetujui [Dibayarkan di BNI] JKT 05/12/2012 SURAT WESEL Jakarta, 05/11/2012 Kepada Yth Tuan B Di Jakarta - Dasar Hukum = Ps 100- Ps 173 KUHD - Syarat formal & materiil = Ps 100 KUHD Pada tanggal 05/12/2012 harap Saudara membayar Wesel ini kepada Sdr. C atau penggantinya di Jakarta uang sejumlah Rp ,- (seratus juta Rupiah). AVALIST Tuan D Hormat kami, TT [Meterai] PT A By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 13

14 TUJUAN & FUNGSI? Merchant s LC? Banker s L/C? Fungsi (Banker s) L/C: - perjanjian bank-bank - pengamanan para pihak yang terlibat - pemastian pembayaran - dokumen-dokumen - pemberian fasilitas pembiayaan By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 14

15 KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN? KELEBIHAN (?) (1) Penjual Kreditur Jaminan pembayaran Penjual Pembiayaan (back to back L/C dsb) (2) Pembeli Debitur pembiayaan + (re)financing KEKURANGAN (?) - Biaya? - Waktu? - Bank-bank dokumen? - Pembeli - barang/& harganya? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 15

16 PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM? Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam (pembukaan) L/C? (1) Pembeli Debitur? (2) Penjual Kreditur (Beneficiery)? (3) Bank (Issuing Bank)? [4] Bank (Advising Bank + Nominated Bank) By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 16

17 ISSUES? A (Beneficiery) telah menerima L/C bernilai US$100,000 dari D (Advising Bank) yang diterbitkan oleh C (Issuing Bank) atas permintaan dan atau instruksi B (Applicant). Dokumen (-dokumen) yang dipersyaratkan dalam L/C tersebut, khususnya Wesel telah diserahkan kepada D, dan D telah mengakseptasi Wesel dimaksud. Wesel tersebut kemudian dijual/dibeli oleh E dengan diskonto 20%. Pada saat jatuh tempo (due) E menyerahkan Wesel kepada D untuk mendapatkan pembayaran. Alangkah terkejutnya E karena D menolak membayar Wesel tersebut. Siapa yang harus bertanggung jawab terhadap kerugian E? Upaya hukum apa yang dapat ditempuh oleh E? Jelaskan dan berikan argumentasi Saudara berikut dasar hukumnya? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 17

18 ISSUES Contn d Hubungan hukum antara A dengan B? Hubungan hukum antara B dengan C? Hubungan hukum antara C dengan D? Hubungan hukum antara A dengan D? Hubungan hukum antara E dengan D? Hubungan hukum antara E dengan B? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 18

19 PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM? 1. Pembeli (Debitur) v Bank? - Pemberian kuasa [dengan upah] ( KUHPerdata)? - Perj. melakukan beberapa pekerjaan (1601, 1601 b KUHPer)? - Pinjam-meminjam ( KUHPerdata)? 2 Pembeli (Debitur) v Penjual (Kreditur)? - Janji membuka L/C pada saat perj. jual beli? - Janji membuka L/C setelah perj. jual beli? - Saat-saat prestasi penjual & pembeli dipastikan kembali? - Hak penjual terhadap pembeli setelah perintah membuka L/C? 3. Bank v Penjual [Kreditur] (Beneficiery)? Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (borg) bagi Pembeli (1820 KUHPer)? Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (aval) bagi Pembeli (131 KUHD)? Bank memenuhi kewajiban membayar(kan) Pembeli? Pelaksanaan syarat untuk kepentingan P3 (1317 KUHPer)? Irr. L/C sebagai delegasi - novasi subyektif pasif (1417 KUHPer)? Sebagai akseptasi wesel (127 KUHD)? Sui generis = karakteristik separate transaction (Art 4(a) UCP 600)? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 19

20 SIFAT (HUBUNGAN) HUKUM L/C DENGAN KONTRAK? ARTICLE 4 Credits v. Contracts [UCP 600] a. A credits by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which they may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract, even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit. Consequently, the undertaking of a bank to honour, to negotiate or to fulfil any other obligation under the credit, is not subject to claims or defences by the applicant resulting from his relationships with the issuing bank or the beneficiary. Beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between the banks or between the applicant and the issuing bank. b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to include, as an integral part of credit, copies of the underlying cntract, proforma invoice and the like. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 20

21 CONCERN & FOCUS BANK? ARTICLE 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performances [UCP 600] Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or other performance to which the documents may relate. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 21

22 AVAILABILITY, EXPIRY DATE & PLACE FOR PRESENTATION (ARTICLE 6) a. L/C harus menyebutkan keberadaan dana Nominated Bank = Issuing Bank. b. L/C harus menyebutkan cara dan atau waktu pembayaran = sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation. c. L/C dilarang mencantumkan kondisi keberadaan/pembayaran dana berdasarkan wesel yang diterbitkan thd pembeli (pemohon)? d. L/C harus mencantumkan tgl daluarsa penyerahan dokumen tgl daluarsa pembayaran (honour/negotiation) dianggap pada tgl daluarsa penyerahan (dokumen). b. L/C mencantumkan Bank tempat penyerahan dokumen. c. Kecuali Ps 29(1) penyerahan dokumen pada/sebelum tgl daluarsa. By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 22

23 FURTHER ISSUES? ADA BERAPA JENIS L/C MENURUT KETENTUAN UCP 600, DAN APA KRITERIA PENJENISANNYA? By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 23

24 PENUTUP TERIMA KASIH By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 24

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