Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam

Lampiran 1 Alur Penelitian Pembuatan gel kitosan nanopartikel 1 gram kitosan Dilarutkan dengan larutan asam asetat 1% Diaduk dengan stirer Larutan kitosan Ditetesi dengan ±20 tetes TPP Gel kitosan Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam Gel kitosan nanopartikel

Persiapan, perlakuan dan, pengujian sampel 24 buah gigi molar Pemotongan akar gigi Bagian mahkota gigi dipotong menjadi empat bagian dalam arah mesial-distal dan bukal-lingual Kelompok I 6 sampel Kontrol Kelompok II 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi Kelompok III 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi Gel CPP-ACP Kelompok IV 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi Kombinasi gel CPP-ACP dan kitosan nanopartikel Inkubasi dalam saliva buatan Thermocycling Pengujian sampel dengan SEM dan EDS Pencatatan hasil dan analisa data

Pembuatan kombinasi gel kitosan nanopartikel dan CPP-ACP 1 gram kitosan Dilarutkan dengan larutan asam asetat 1% Diaduk dengan stirrer Larutan kitosan Ditetesi dengan ±20 tetes TPP Gel kitosan Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam Gel kitosan nanopartikel Pencampuran gel kitosan dengan CPP-ACP dengan perbandingan 1:1

Lampiran 2 Analisa data Tests of Normality Kelomp ok Kolmogorov-Smirnov a Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Ca A.220 6.200 *.875 6.245 B.142 6.200 *.985 6.972 C.195 6.200 *.966 6.863 D.215 6.200 *.947 6.720 P A.248 6.200 *.866 6.211 B.210 6.200 *.879 6.265 C.210 6.200 *.915 6.472 D.237 6.200 *.890 6.319 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance. OUTPUT ANALISA STATISTIK SPSS VERS.17 HASIL UJI ANALISA DESKRIPTIF Descriptives KELOMPOK Statistic Std. Error Ca 1.00 32.1133.74260 Lower Bound 30.2044 Upper Bound 34.0223 5% Trimmed 32.0893 Median 31.5500

Variance 3.309 Std. Deviation 1.81900 Minimum 30.18 Maximum 34.48 Range 4.30 Interquartile Range 3.70 Skewness.587.845 Kurtosis -1.828 1.741 2.00 25.7750.68978 Lower Bound 24.0019 Upper Bound 27.5481 5% Trimmed 25.7667 Median 25.5950 Variance 2.855 Std. Deviation 1.68960 Minimum 23.54 Maximum 28.16 Range 4.62 Interquartile Range 3.03 Skewness.197.845 Kurtosis -.878 1.741 3.00 29.5117.58043 Lower Bound 28.0196 Upper Bound 31.0037 5% Trimmed 29.4941 Median 29.1750 Variance 2.021 Std. Deviation 1.42177

Minimum 27.67 Maximum 31.67 Range 4.00 Interquartile Range 2.36 Skewness.472.845 Kurtosis -.254 1.741 4.00 29.8333.53297 Lower Bound 28.4633 Upper Bound 31.2034 5% Trimmed 29.8120 Median 29.5200 Variance 1.704 Std. Deviation 1.30551 Minimum 28.30 Maximum 31.75 Range 3.45 Interquartile Range 2.32 Skewness.502.845 Kurtosis -1.116 1.741 P 1.00 17.7467.52713 Lower Bound 16.3916 Upper Bound 19.1017 5% Trimmed 17.7435 Median 17.3000 Variance 1.667 Std. Deviation 1.29120 Minimum 16.21 Maximum 19.34

Range 3.13 Interquartile Range 2.50 Skewness.500.845 Kurtosis -1.608 1.741 2.00 16.8867.51039 Lower Bound 15.5747 Upper Bound 18.1987 5% Trimmed 16.8357 Median 16.4900 Variance 1.563 Std. Deviation 1.25019 Minimum 15.79 Maximum 18.90 Range 3.11 Interquartile Range 2.32 Skewness.947.845 Kurtosis -.428 1.741 3.00 17.8950.41599 Lower Bound 16.8257 Upper Bound 18.9643 5% Trimmed 17.8600 Median 17.7700 Variance 1.038 Std. Deviation 1.01897 Minimum 16.87 Maximum 19.55 Range 2.68 Interquartile Range 1.68 Skewness.787.845

Kurtosis -.190 1.741 4.00 17.9833.40847 Lower Bound 16.9333 Upper Bound 19.0333 5% Trimmed 17.9454 Median 17.8250 Variance 1.001 Std. Deviation 1.00055 Minimum 17.05 Maximum 19.60 Range 2.55 Interquartile Range 1.67 Skewness.795.845 Kurtosis -.377 1.741 HASIL UJI ONE-WAY ANOVA ANOVA Sum of Squares df Square F Sig. Ca Between Groups 124.017 3 41.339 16.721.000 Within Groups 49.446 20 2.472 Total 173.463 23 P Between Groups 4.567 3 1.522 1.156.351 Within Groups 26.348 20 1.317 Total 30.915 23 ** signiificant at α <0.05 RATCaP Sum of Squares df Square F Sig.

Between Groups.239 3.080 71.151.000 Within Groups.022 20.001 Total.262 23 at α <0.05 ** signiif icant HASIL UJI POS HOC ANALYSIS (BONFERRONI / TUKEY) Multiple Comparisons 95% Confidence Interval Dependent (I) (J) Lower Upper Variable KEL KEL Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound Ca Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00 6.33833 *.90780.000 3.7975 8.8792 3.00 2.60167 *.90780.044.0608 5.1425 4.00 2.28000.90780.089 -.2609 4.8209 2.00 1.00-6.33833 *.90780.000-8.8792-3.7975 3.00-3.73667 *.90780.003-6.2775-1.1958 4.00-4.05833 *.90780.001-6.5992-1.5175 3.00 1.00-2.60167 *.90780.044-5.1425 -.0608 2.00 3.73667 *.90780.003 1.1958 6.2775 4.00 -.32167.90780.984-2.8625 2.2192 4.00 1.00-2.28000.90780.089-4.8209.2609

2.00 4.05833 *.90780.001 1.5175 6.5992 3.00.32167.90780.984-2.2192 2.8625 Bonferroni 1.00 2.00 6.33833 *.90780.000 3.6811 8.9956 3.00 2.60167.90780.057 -.0556 5.2589 4.00 2.28000.90780.124 -.3772 4.9372 2.00 1.00-6.33833 *.90780.000-8.9956-3.6811 3.00-3.73667 *.90780.003-6.3939-1.0794 4.00-4.05833 *.90780.001-6.7156-1.4011 3.00 1.00-2.60167.90780.057-5.2589.0556 2.00 3.73667 *.90780.003 1.0794 6.3939 4.00 -.32167.90780 1.000-2.9789 2.3356 4.00 1.00-2.28000.90780.124-4.9372.3772 2.00 4.05833 *.90780.001 1.4011 6.7156 3.00.32167.90780 1.000-2.3356 2.9789 P Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00.86000.66267.575 -.9948 2.7148 3.00 -.14833.66267.996-2.0031 1.7064 4.00 -.23667.66267.984-2.0914 1.6181 2.00 1.00 -.86000.66267.575-2.7148.9948 3.00-1.00833.66267.444-2.8631.8464 4.00-1.09667.66267.372-2.9514.7581 3.00 1.00.14833.66267.996-1.7064 2.0031 2.00 1.00833.66267.444 -.8464 2.8631 4.00 -.08833.66267.999-1.9431 1.7664 4.00 1.00.23667.66267.984-1.6181 2.0914 2.00 1.09667.66267.372 -.7581 2.9514 3.00.08833.66267.999-1.7664 1.9431 Bonferroni 1.00 2.00.86000.66267 1.000-1.0797 2.7997 3.00 -.14833.66267 1.000-2.0880 1.7914

4.00 -.23667.66267 1.000-2.1764 1.7030 2.00 1.00 -.86000.66267 1.000-2.7997 1.0797 3.00-1.00833.66267.863-2.9480.9314 4.00-1.09667.66267.681-3.0364.8430 3.00 1.00.14833.66267 1.000-1.7914 2.0880 2.00 1.00833.66267.863 -.9314 2.9480 4.00 -.08833.66267 1.000-2.0280 1.8514 4.00 1.00.23667.66267 1.000-1.7030 2.1764 2.00 1.09667.66267.681 -.8430 3.0364 3.00.08833.66267 1.000-1.8514 2.0280 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Dependent Variable:RATCaP Multiple Comparisons 95% Confidence Interval (I) (J) Difference Lower KEL KEL (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Upper Bound Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00.28167 *.01933.000.2276.3358 3.00.15833 *.01933.000.1042.2124 4.00.14833 *.01933.000.0942.2024 2.00 1.00 -.28167 *.01933.000 -.3358 -.2276 3.00 -.12333 *.01933.000 -.1774 -.0692 4.00 -.13333 *.01933.000 -.1874 -.0792

3.00 1.00 -.15833 *.01933.000 -.2124 -.1042 2.00.12333 *.01933.000.0692.1774 4.00 -.01000.01933.954 -.0641.0441 4.00 1.00 -.14833 *.01933.000 -.2024 -.0942 2.00.13333 *.01933.000.0792.1874 3.00.01000.01933.954 -.0441.0641 LSD 1.00 2.00.28167 *.01933.000.2413.3220 3.00.15833 *.01933.000.1180.1987 4.00.14833 *.01933.000.1080.1887 2.00 1.00 -.28167 *.01933.000 -.3220 -.2413 3.00 -.12333 *.01933.000 -.1637 -.0830 4.00 -.13333 *.01933.000 -.1737 -.0930 3.00 1.00 -.15833 *.01933.000 -.1987 -.1180 2.00.12333 *.01933.000.0830.1637 4.00 -.01000.01933.611 -.0503.0303 4.00 1.00 -.14833 *.01933.000 -.1887 -.1080 2.00.13333 *.01933.000.0930.1737 3.00.01000.01933.611 -.0303.0503 Bonferroni 1.00 2.00.28167 *.01933.000.2251.3382 3.00.15833 *.01933.000.1018.2149 4.00.14833 *.01933.000.0918.2049 2.00 1.00 -.28167 *.01933.000 -.3382 -.2251 3.00 -.12333 *.01933.000 -.1799 -.0668 4.00 -.13333 *.01933.000 -.1899 -.0768 3.00 1.00 -.15833 *.01933.000 -.2149 -.1018 2.00.12333 *.01933.000.0668.1799 4.00 -.01000.01933 1.000 -.0666.0466 4.00 1.00 -.14833 *.01933.000 -.2049 -.0918 2.00.13333 *.01933.000.0768.1899

3.00.01000.01933 1.000 -.0466.0666 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Descriptives KELOMPOK Statistic Std. Error C 1.00 7.9917.25831 Lower Bound 7.3277 Upper Bound 8.6557 5% Trimmed 8.0057 Median 8.2900 Variance.400 Std. Deviation.63272 Minimum 7.08 Maximum 8.65 Range 1.57 Interquartile Range 1.14 Skewness -.813.845 Kurtosis -1.403 1.741 2.00 9.4367.27470 Lower Bound 8.7305 Upper Bound 10.1428 5% Trimmed 9.3974 Median 9.2800 Variance.453 Std. Deviation.67286 Minimum 8.88 Maximum 10.70 Range 1.82

Interquartile Range.96 Skewness 1.659.845 Kurtosis 3.066 1.741 3.00 8.5233.10846 Lower Bound 8.2445 Upper Bound 8.8021 5% Trimmed 8.5287 Median 8.5650 Variance.071 Std. Deviation.26568 Minimum 8.15 Maximum 8.80 Range.65 Interquartile Range.54 Skewness -.434.845 Kurtosis -1.577 1.741 4.00 8.5300.08656 Lower Bound 8.3075 Upper Bound 8.7525 5% Trimmed 8.5289 Median 8.4850 Variance.045 Std. Deviation.21204 Minimum 8.28 Maximum 8.80 Range.52 Interquartile Range.41 Skewness.289.845

Kurtosis -1.971 1.741 O 1.00 41.7833 1.11855 Lower Bound 38.9080 Upper Bound 44.6587 5% Trimmed 41.7876 Median 42.6750 Variance 7.507 Std. Deviation 2.73989 Minimum 38.16 Maximum 45.33 Range 7.17 Interquartile Range 4.90 Skewness -.352.845 Kurtosis -1.181 1.741 2.00 47.9017 1.18661 Lower Bound 44.8514 Upper Bound 50.9519 5% Trimmed 47.9235 Median 48.6100 Variance 8.448 Std. Deviation 2.90659 Minimum 43.65 Maximum 51.76 Range 8.11 Interquartile Range 4.95 Skewness -.371.845 Kurtosis -.460 1.741 3.00 44.0700.97475 Lower Bound 41.5643

Upper Bound 46.5757 5% Trimmed 44.1272 Median 44.7350 Variance 5.701 Std. Deviation 2.38764 Minimum 40.28 Maximum 46.83 Range 6.55 Interquartile Range 3.93 Skewness -.730.845 Kurtosis -.237 1.741 4.00 43.6533.92099 Lower Bound 41.2858 Upper Bound 46.0208 5% Trimmed 43.7193 Median 44.1900 Variance 5.089 Std. Deviation 2.25597 Minimum 40.27 Maximum 45.85 Range 5.58 Interquartile Range 3.93 Skewness -.580.845 Kurtosis -1.385 1.741

Tests of Normality KELOM POK Kolmogorov-Smirnov a Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. C 1.00.342 6.027.834 6.116 2.00.253 6.200 *.820 6.089 3.00.166 6.200 *.920 6.504 4.00.230 6.200 *.914 6.461 O 1.00.249 6.200 *.905 6.407 2.00.227 6.200 *.957 6.794 3.00.213 6.200 *.945 6.698 4.00.279 6.157.886 6.298 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance. ANOVA Sum of Squares df Square F Sig. C Between Groups 6.475 3 2.158 8.913.001 Within Groups 4.843 20.242 Total 11.318 23 O Between Groups 118.595 3 39.532 5.912.005 Within Groups 133.727 20 6.686 Total 252.322 23

Lampiran 3 Permohonan Ethical Clearance

Lampiran 4 Ethical Clearance

Lampiran 5

Surat Izin Penelitian pada Fakultas MIPA USU

Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Hasil Penelitian dari FMIPA

Lampiran 7 Surat Izin Penelitian di Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber University Sains Malaysia

Lampiran 8 Surat Keterangan Penelitian dari Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber University Sains Malaysia