Rini Dwiastuti, Nuhfil Hananai, Nur Baladina, Djohar Noeriati 2011 PENGANTAR EKONOMI PERTANIAN Kode PTE- 101002 PERTEMUAN KEDELAPAN (Lanjutan) Surplus konsumen-produsen
Struktur Presentasi Deskripsi surplus konsumen Deskripsi surplus produsen Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen
1 Surplus konsumen
Konsumen Surplus Konsumen membeli barang membuat mereka better off ( sejahtera) atau mendapatkan nilai guna Berapa banyak kesejehateraan yang mereka peroleh? SURPLUS KONSUMEN Jumlah kemampuan membayar untuk barang dikurangi jumlah aktual yang mereka bayarkan Adalah manfaat atau nilai total yang diterima konsumen melebihi yang dibayarkan konsumen.
Contoh : Consumer Surplus Asumsi seorang mahasiswa ingin membeli tiket konser. Kurve Demand menjelaskan pada kita kemampuan mebeli mahasiswa untuk setiap pembelian tiket konser Pada tiket pertama bernilai $20 tetapi harganya $14 sehingga mahasiswa mendapatkan surplus $6 worth of surplus. Kita dapat mengukurnya untuk setiap tiket Total surplus adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap pengeluaran tiket
Surplus Konsumen : Kasus Terpisah Harga 10 8 6 Surplus Konsumen: Nilai yang diterima tetapi tidak dibayarkan untuk. Surplus Konsumen = (8-2) + (6-2) + (4-2) = $12 4 2 D 1 2 3 4 5 Kuantita s
Surplus Konsumen : Kasus Berlanjut Harga $ 10 Surplus Konsume n $24 - $8 = $16 8 6 4 2 Nilai dari 4 unit = $24 Pengeluaran pd 4 unit = $2 x 4 = $8 D 1 2 3 4 5 Kuantita s
Consumer Surplus Price ($ per ticket) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Consumer Surplus 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21 consumer surplus Pembelian 6 tiket konser adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap satu secara individu Market Price 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rock Concert Tickets
Konsumen Surplus Price ($ per ticket) 20 14 Consumer Surplus Pengluaran aktual Market Price Demand Curve 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rock Concert Tickets
Consumer Surplus: secara Grafik P max S P E Consumer Surplus D Q E
$11 P $10 $9 $8 Total Consumer Benefits $7 $6 D 1 2 3 4 5 nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : nuhfil@yahoo.com 6 Q
P $11 $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 Pengeluaran konsumen D 1 2 3 4 5 nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : nuhfil@yahoo.com 6 Q
P $11 $10 Consumer Benefit - Consumer Expense CONSUMER SURPLUS! $9 $8 $7 $51 - $36 = $15 $6 D 1 2 3 4 5 nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : nuhfil@yahoo.com 6 Q
Price Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap Consumer Surplus? A Consumer Surplus at Price P 2 P 1 Initial consumer surplus B C Consumer surplus to new consumers P 2 D Additional consumer surplus to initial consumers E F Demand 0 Q 1 Q 2 Quantity Copyright 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
2 Surplus produsen
Producer Surplus Market Supply menggambarkan berbagai jumlah dimana produsen berkeinginan untuk menjual pada harga yang berbeda-beda????? Kurve Supply dapat juga dipakai untuk mengukur marginal (opportunity) cost dari penjual dari penawarannya pada berbagai jumlah dari barang????? Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. Producer surplus is the total benefit or revenue that producers receive beyond what it cost to produce a good
P $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 PS = ($6 x 6) - ($1 +$2 + $3 + $4 + $5 + $6) = $15 S $1 1 2 3 4 5 nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : nuhfil@yahoo.com 6 Q
P Total Producer Benefits (Revenue) S $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Q
Surplus Produsen Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. Harga P* S0 Q* Kuantita s
P Producer Surplus =$15 S $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 Producer Costs $1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Q
Producer Surplus: secara grafik S P E Producer Surplus D Q E
Copyright 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap producer Surplus? Producer Surplus at Price P 2 Price Additional producer surplus to initial producers Supply P 2 D E F P 1 B Initial producer surplus C Producer surplus to new producers A 0 Q 1 Q 2 Quantity
3 Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen
Surplus Consumen dan Producen Price 10 Consumer Surplus S 7 5 Between 0 and Q 0 consumers A and B receive a net gain from buying the product-- consumer surplus Producer Surplus D Between 0 and Q 0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product-- producer surplus. 0 Consumer A Consumer B Q 0 Consumer C Quantity
Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer Surplus To determine the welfare effect of a governmental policy we can measure the gain or loss in consumer and producer surplus. Welfare Effects Gains and losses caused by government intervention in the market. Slide 25
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Price Suppose the government imposes a price ceiling P max which is below the market-clearing price P 0. B Deadweight Loss S The gain to consumers is the difference between the rectangle A and the triangle B. P 0 P max A C D The loss to producers is the sum of rectangle A and triangle C. Triangle B and C together measure the deadweight loss. Q 1 Q 0 Q 2 Quantity
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Observations: The total loss is equal to area B + C. The total change in surplus = (A - B) + (-A - C) = -B - C The deadweight loss is the inefficiency of the price controls or the loss of the producer surplus exceeds the gain from consumer surplus.
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Observation Consumers can experience a net loss in consumer surplus when the demand is sufficiently inelastic
Effect of Price Controls When Demand Is Inelastic Price D If demand is sufficiently inelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangle A and the consumer suffers a net loss from price controls. S B P 0 P max A C Example Oil price controls and gasoline shortages in 1979 Q 1 Q 2 Quantity