PERTEMUAN KEDELAPAN (Lanjutan) Surplus konsumen-produsen

Transkripsi

1 PENGANTAR EKONOMI PERTANIAN Kode PTE- 000 PERTEMUAN KEELAPAN (Lanjutan) urplus konsumen-produsen Rini wiastuti, Nuhfil Hananai, Nur Baladina, johar Noeriati 0 truktur Presentasi eskripsi surplus konsumen eskripsi surplus produsen Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen

2 urplus konsumen Konsumen urplus Konsumen membeli barang membuat mereka better off ( sejahtera) atau mendapatkan nilai guna berapa banyak kesejehateraan yang mereka peroleh? Consumer urplus Jumlah kemampuan membayar untuk barang dikurangi jumlah aktual yang mereka bayarkan is the total benefit or value that consumers receive beyond what they pay for the good

3 Contoh : Consumer urplus Asumsi seorang mahasiswa ingin membeli tiket konser. Kurve emand menjelaskan pada kita kemampuan mebeli mahasiswa untuk setiap pembelian tiket konser Pada tiket pertama bernilai $0 tetapi harganya $ sehingga mahasiswa mendapatkan surplus $ worth of surplus. Kita dapat mengukurnya untuk setiap tiket Total surplus adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap pengeluaran tiket urplus Konsumen : Kasus Terpisah Harga 0 8 urplus Konsumen: Nilai yang diterima tetapi tidak dibayarkan untuk. urplus Konsumen = (8-) + (-) + (-) = $ Kuantita s

4 urplus Konsumen : Kasus Berlanjut Harga $ 0 urplus Konsume n $ - $8 = $ 8 Nilai dari unit = $ Pengeluaran pd unit = $ x = $8 Kuantita s Consumer urplus Price ($ per ticket) Consumer urplus = consumer surplus Pembelian tiket konser adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap satu secara individu Market Price 0 Rock Concert Tickets

5 Konsumen urplus Price ($ per ticket) 0 Consumer urplus Pengluaran aktual Market Price emand Curve 0 Rock Concert Tickets Consumer urplus: secara Grafik P max P E Consumer urplus Q E

6 $ P $0 $9 $8 Total Consumer Benefits $7 $ nuhfil hanani : web site : nuhfil@yahoo.com Q P $ $0 $9 $8 $7 $ Pengeluaran konsumen nuhfil hanani : web site : nuhfil@yahoo.com Q

7 P $ $0 $9 $8 $7 $ $ - $ = $ Consumer Benefit - Consumer Expense CONUMER URPLU! nuhfil hanani : web site : nuhfil@yahoo.com Q Price Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap Consumer urplus? A Consumer urplus at Price P P Initial consumer surplus B C Consumer surplus to new consumers P Additional consumer surplus to initial consumers E F emand 0 Q Q Quantity Copyright 00 outhwestern/thomson Learning 7

8 urplus produsen Producer urplus Market upply menggambarkan berbagai jumlah dimana produsen berkeinginan untuk menjual pada harga yang berbeda-beda????? Kurve upply dapat juga dipakai untuk mengukur marginal (opportunity) cost dari penjual dari penawarannya pada berbagai jumlah dari barang????? Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. Producer surplus is the total benefit or revenue that producers receive beyond what it cost to produce a good 8

9 P = ($ x ) - ($ +$ + $ + $ + $ + $) = $ P $ $ $ $ $ $ nuhfil hanani : web site : nuhfil@yahoo.com Q P $ $ $ $ $ Total Producer Benefits (Revenue) $ Q 9

10 urplus Produsen Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. Harga 0 P* Q* Kuantita s P $ $ $ $ $ Producer urplus =$ Producer Costs $ Q 0

11 Producer urplus: secara grafik P E Producer urplus Q E Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap producer urplus? Producer urplus at Price P Price Additional producer surplus to initial producers upply P E F P B Initial producer surplus C Producer surplus to new producers A 0 Q Q Quantity Copyright 00 outhwestern/thomson Learning

12 Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen urplus Consumen dan Producen Price 0 Consumer urplus 7 Between 0 and Q 0 consumers A and B receive a net gain from buying the product-- consumer surplus Producer urplus Between 0 and Q 0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product-- producer surplus. 0 Consumer A Consumer B Q 0 Consumer C Quantity

13 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer urplus To determine the welfare effect of a governmental policy we can measure the gain or loss in consumer and producer surplus. Welfare Effects Gains and losses caused by government intervention in the market. lide Change in Consumer and Producer urplus from Price Controls Price uppose the government imposes a price ceiling P max which is below the market-clearing price P 0. B eadweight Loss The gain to consumers is the difference between the rectangle A and the triangle B. P 0 P max A C The loss to producers is the sum of rectangle A and triangle C. Triangle B and C together measure the deadweight loss. Q Q 0 Q Quantity

14 Change in Consumer and Producer urplus from Price Controls Observations: The total loss is equal to area B + C. The total change in surplus = (A - B) + (-A - C) = -B - C The deadweight loss is the inefficiency of the price controls or the loss of the producer surplus exceeds the gain from consumer surplus. Change in Consumer and Producer urplus from Price Controls Observation Consumers can experience a net loss in consumer surplus when the demand is sufficiently inelastic

15 Effect of Price Controls When emand Is Inelastic Price If demand is sufficiently inelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangle A and the consumer suffers a net loss from price controls. B P 0 P max A C Example Oil price controls and gasoline shortages in 979 Q Q Quantity