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48 29. Leonardi JB, Phillips SJ, Bath PM, Sandercock PA. Blood Pressure and Clinical Outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. AHA Journal Stroke. 2002; 33: 1315-1320. 30. Lukovits TG, Mazzone TM, Gorelick TM. Diabetes Mellitus and Cerebrovascular Disease. Pub Med. Neuroepidemiology. 1999; 18(1): 1-14. 31. Jieli C, Xu C, Alex Z, Yisheng C, Cynthia R, Michael C. White Matter Damage and the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Type 2 Diabetic Mice After Stroke. Pub Med. Stroke. 2011; 42(2): 445 452. 32. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Atherosclerosis and Stroke. 2014. [dikutip pada tanggal 19 November 2014]. Diakses dari: http://www.strokeassociation.org 33. Brenner D, Labreuche J, Pico F, Scheltens P, Poirier, Cambien F, et al. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol. 2008; 255(7): 995-1000. 34. Newman, MF, Fleisher, LA, Fink, MP. Perioperative Medicine: Managing for Outcome. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2008. Chapter 8, Central nervous system risk assessment; hal. 72. 35. Aminoff, MJ. Neurology and General Medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2008. Chapter 61, Stroke is a complication of general medical disorder; hal. 1172. 36. Misnadiarly. Rematik: Asam Urat - Hiperurisemia, Arthritis Gout. Jakarta: Pustaka Obor Populer. 2007. Asam Urat; hal. 10. 37. Kim SY, Guevara JP, Ki KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA, et al. Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American College of Rheumatology. 2009; 61(7): 885 892.
49 38. Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, Lowe GD, Collins R, Kostis JB, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. In JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294(14): 1799-1809. 39. Maas MB, Safdieh JE. Ischemic Stroke: Pathophysiology and Principles of Localization. Neurology Board Review Manual. Neurology. 2009; 13(1): 2-16. 40. Pal, GK, Pravati, P. Practical Physiology Ed/2. Chennai: Orient Longman Private Limited. 2006. Cardiovascular system, measurement of blood pressure; hal. 193. 41. Ronny, S, Fatimah, S. Fisiologi Kardiovaskular. Jakarta: EGC. 2010. Definisi tekanan darah; hal. 26. 42. Ibnu, M. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Kardiovaskuler. Jakarta: EGC. 1996. 43. Cambridge Communication Limited. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Pernapasan dan Kardiovaskular. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. Jantung, Curah jantung; hal. 32. 44. Granstein, RD, Luger, TA. Neuroimmunology of the skin: Basic Science to Clinical Practice. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2009. Chapter 3, autonomic effects on the skin; hal. 24. 45. Direktorat Bina Upaya Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Teknis Bangunan Rumah Sakit Ruang Perawatan Intensif. 2012. [dikutip pada tanggal 21 Januari 2015]. Diakses dari: http://aspak.buk.depkes.go.id 46. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1778. Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) di Rumah Sakit. 2010. [dikutip pada tanggal 21 Januari 2015]. Diakses dari: http://buk.depkes.go.id
50 47. Peter A, Birgitta S, Andreas T. Sex Differences in Stroke Epidemiology. AHA Journal Stroke. 2009; 40: 1082-1090. 48. Ong TZ, Raymond AA. Risk factors for stroke and predictors of one-month mortality. Singapore Medical Journal. 2002; 43 (10): 517-521. 49. Jaana M, Leppala, Jarmo V, Rainer F, Demetrius A, Olli PH. Different Risk Factors for Different Stroke Subtypes Association of Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Antioxidants. AHA Journal Stroke. 1999; 30: 2535-2540. 50. Wallace JD, Levy LL. Blood Pressure After Stroke. JAMA. 1981; 246 (19): 2177-2180.
Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance 51
Lampiran 2. Ijin penelitian dari instansi yang berwenang 52
53 Lampiran 3. Spreadsheet data DATA PASIEN STROKE DI RUANG RAWAT INTENSIF RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG PERIODE 1 JANUARI-30 JUNI 2014 No DRM Nama Jenis Usia Jenis Tek. Klasifikasi JNC Kelamin Stroke Darah VII 1 C467383 Tn. UT laki-laki 53 SH 146/97 hipertensi 2 2 C483533 Tn. M laki-laki 66 SNH 160/99 hipertensi 2 3 C465302 Ny. S perempuan 69 SH 101/70 normal 4 C462501 Tn. AB laki-laki 61 SH 128/74 pre-hipertensi 5 C469780 Ny. EH perempuan 46 SH 169/100 hipertensi 2 6 C312051 Ny. D perempuan 76 SNH 103/50 normal 7 C247011 Tn. YU laki-laki 54 SH 137/93 hipertensi 1 8 C464750 Tn. MS laki-laki 63 SH 121/76 pre-hipertensi 9 C461530 Tn. D laki-laki 63 SNH 202/105 hipertensi 2 10 C422063 Tn. HD laki-laki 76 SNH 93/44 normal 11 C318067 Tn. H laki-laki 51 SNH 102/61 normal 12 C466166 Tn. R laki-laki 62 SH 169/97 hipertensi 2 13 C458437 Tn.MD laki-laki 29 SH 103/77 normal 14 C469257 Tn. K laki-laki 50 SH 147/106 hipertensi 2 15 C460955 Ny. SF perempuan 50 SH 168/87 hipertensi 2 16 C467016 Tn. L laki-laki 66 SH 195/97 hipertensi 2 17 C482674 Tn. AK laki-laki 80 SNH 122/55 pre-hipertensi 18 C068864 Ny.YK perempuan 76 SNH 152/82 hipertensi 1 19 B333224 Ny. SN perempuan 70 SH 186/96 hipertensi 2 20 C460084 Tn. BH laki-laki 36 SH 113/59 normal 21 C465984 Tn. SM laki-laki 55 SH 207/98 hipertensi 2 22 C468664 Tn.MB laki-laki 43 SH 133/70 pre-hipertensi 23 C332915 Ny. B perempuan 60 SH 115/61 normal 24 C465443 Ny. SH perempuan 67 SNH 144/67 hipertensi 1 25 C430002 Ny. SB perempuan 43 SH 118/71 normal 26 C460373 Tn. FD laki-laki 5 SH 146/110 hipertensi 2 27 C458463 Tn. TD laki-laki 55 SH 128/86 pre-hipertensi 28 C464213 An. AI laki-laki 10 SH 130/62 pre-hipertensi 29 C481410 An. AR laki-laki 0 SH 104/53 normal 30 C461043 An. NF perempuan 7 SH 136/110 hipertensi 2 31 C470832 Tn. SK laki-laki 59 SH 106/58 normal 32 B316975 Ny.ME perempuan 49 SH 194/88 hipertensi 2 33 C460749 An.AK laki-laki 0 SH 74/43 normal 34 C456327 Tn. H laki-laki 51 SH 180/92 hipertensi 2
54 Lampiran 4. Hasil analisis data dengan program SPSS Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin jenis kelamin Statistics N Valid 34 Missing 0 jenis kelamin Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent laki-laki 23 67,6 67,6 67,6 Valid perempuan 11 32,4 32,4 100,0 Total 34 100,0 100,0 Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Usia usia N Statistics Valid 34 Missing 0 usia Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 0-11 tahun 5 14,7 14,7 14,7 26-45 tahun 4 11,8 11,8 26,5 Valid 46-65 tahun 16 47,1 47,1 73,5 >65 tahun 9 26,5 26,5 100,0 Total 34 100,0 100,0
55 Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Jenis Stroke jenis stroke Statistics N Valid 34 Missing 0 jenis stroke Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent stroke hemoragik 26 76,5 76,5 76,5 Valid stroke non hemoragik 8 23,5 23,5 100,0 Total 34 100,0 100,0 Frekuensi Pasien Stroke berdasarkan Tekanan Darah tekanan darah Statistics N Valid 34 Missing 0 tekanan darah Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent normal 11 32,4 32,4 32,4 pre-hipertensi 6 17,6 17,6 50,0 Valid hipertensi 1 3 8,8 8,8 58,8 hipertensi 2 14 41,2 41,2 100,0 Total 34 100,0 100,0
56 Analisis Hubungan Tekanan Darah dengan Jenis Stroke Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent tekanan darah * jenis stroke 34 100,0% 0 0,0% 34 100,0% tekanan darah * jenis stroke Crosstabulation jenis stroke Total stroke hemoragik stroke non hemoragik Count 8 3 11 normal Expected Count 8,4 2,6 11,0 % within jenis stroke 30,8% 37,5% 32,4% % of Total 23,5% 8,8% 32,4% Count 5 1 6 pre-hipertensi Expected Count 4,6 1,4 6,0 % within jenis stroke 19,2% 12,5% 17,6% tekanan darah % of Total 14,7% 2,9% 17,6% Count 1 2 3 hipertensi 1 Expected Count 2,3,7 3,0 % within jenis stroke 3,8% 25,0% 8,8% % of Total 2,9% 5,9% 8,8% Count 12 2 14 hipertensi 2 Expected Count 10,7 3,3 14,0 % within jenis stroke 46,2% 25,0% 41,2% % of Total 35,3% 5,9% 41,2% Count 26 8 34 Total Expected Count 26,0 8,0 34,0 % within jenis stroke 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% % of Total 76,5% 23,5% 100,0%
57 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Point (2-sided) sided) sided) Probability Pearson Chi-Square 4,010 a 3,260,285 Likelihood Ratio 3,500 3,321,458 Linear-by-Linear,270 b 1,604,655,357,102 Association N of Valid Cases 34 a. 6 cells (75,0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is,71. b. The standardized statistic is -,519.
Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi penelitian 58
59 Lampiran 6. Biodata Mahasiswa Identitas Nama : Rahma Trianisa NIM : 22010111120008 Tempat/tanggal lahir : Kotabumi, 08 Oktober 1993 Jenis kelamin : Perempuan Alamat : Jl. Soekarno Hatta Gg. H. Achmad No. 19 Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung Nomor HP : 085769619177 e-mail : rahmatrianisa93@gmail.com Riwayat Pendidikan Formal 1. SD : SD Negeri 05 Kelapa Tujuh Kotabumi Lulus tahun : 2005 2. SMP : SMP Negeri 7 Kotabumi Lulus tahun : 2008 3. SMA : SMA Negeri 2 Bandar Lampung Lulus tahun : 2011 4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun 2011