Created by Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si

Transkripsi

1 Created by Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si

2 Surviving in Thin Air The air at the height of the world s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3 O 2 Lung CO 2 1 Breathing Circulatory system 2 Transport of gases by the circulatory system Mitochondria 3 Servicing of cells within the body tissues Capillary CO 2 O 2 Cell Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4 Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygenrich blood to tissues and muscles Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5 Siklus Krebs Berlangsung di matriks mitokondria

6 Sistem Pernapasan Manusia Alat respirasi Hidung Laring Trakea Bronkus Paru-paru

7 Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease Smoking also causes emphysema Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture This reduces the lungs capacity for gas exchange

8 Glotis dan epiglotis pada alat respirasi manusia.

9 Bagian paru-paru manusia. KLIK

10 Mekanisme Pernapasan Mekanisme pernapasan dada. Mekanisme pernapasan perut. Bisa klik-bisa tidak klik

11 Volume dan Kapasitas Paru-paru Volume paru-paru Volume tidal Volume cadangan inspirasi Volume cadangan ekspirasi Volume residu Kapasitas paru-paru Kapasitas inspirasi Kapasitas residu fungsional Kapasitas vital Kapasitas paru-paru total

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13 Frekuensi Pernapasan Frekuensi pernapasan dipengaruhi oleh: Umur Jenis kelamin Suhu tubuh Posisi tubuh

14 Mekanisme Pertukaran Oksigen dan Karbon dioksida

15 Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan hemoglobin.

16 Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells It carries most of the oxygen in the blood Heme group Iron atom O 2 loaded in lungs O 2 O 2 unloaded in tissues O 2 Polypeptide chain

17 Breathing is automatically controlled Breathing control centers are located in the pons and medulla of the brain These automatic controls keep breathing in tune with body needs Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18 During exercise, the CO 2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood ph This triggers a cascade of events Pons Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS stimulated by: Medulla Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles CO 2 increase / ph decrease in blood Nerve signal indicating low O 2 level O 2 sensor in artery Diaphragm Rib muscles

19 Pernafasan Aerob Anaerob

20 Kelainan dan Penyakit pada Sistem Pernapasan Manusia Faringitis Pneumonia Emfisema paru-paru Asma Dipteri Asfiksi TBC Hipoksia Asidosis Sianosis

21 Sistem Pernapasan Hewan Sistem Pernapasan Porifera Pada Porifera, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan tubuhnya.

22 Sistem Pernapasan Coelenterata Pada Coelenterata, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan tubuh dan melalui alat bantu berupa sifonoglifa.

23 Earthworms Some animals use their entire skin as a gasexchange organ Example: earthworms Cut Cross section of respiratory surface (the skin covering the body) CO 2 O 2 Capillaries

24 Sistem Pernapasan Serangga Tracheae in insects Pada serangga, pertukaran gas dari jaringan dengan udara dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem pembuluh trakea. Body surface Respiratory surface (tracheae) Body cells (no capillaries) Sistem pembuluh trakea pada serangga.

25 Air sacs Tracheae Opening for air Body cell Tracheole Air sac Trachea Air Body wall

26 Sistem Pernapasan Ikan Pada ikan, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan insang. Struktur insang pada ikan dan aliran air yang masuk ke insang.

27 In most animals, specialized body parts carry out gas exchange Gills in fish Body surface Respiratory surface (gill) CO 2 Capillaries O 2

28 22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O 2 transfer Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction opposite to water flow This countercurrent maintains a diffusion gradient that maximizes the uptake of O 2 Water flow over lamellae Blood flow through lamellae Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29 Sistem Pernapasan Katak Pada katak, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru. Mekanisme respirasi katak.

30 Sistem Pernapasan Reptil Pada reptil, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru.

31 Sistem Pernapasan Burung Pada burung, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru. Fase inspirasi dan ekspirasi pada respirasi burung.