MOJAKOE. March 25. Akuntansi Manajemen

Transkripsi

1 March 25 MOJAKOE 2013 Dilarang memperbanyak MOJAKOE ini tanpa seijin SPA FEUI. Download MOJAKOE dan SPA Mentoring di : Akuntansi Manajemen

2 Question I : Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis MOJAKOE PT. Newstar is distributors that sells Me-Pad a brand new type of gadget at an exhibition. Newstar plans to sell Me-Pad for $500 each. The company purchase Me-Pad from manufacturer at $350 each, with the privilege of returning any unsold units for a full refund. The exhibition offer Newstar with 2 alternatives : 1. A fixed payment of %5,000 during exhibition 2. 10% of total revenues earned during exhibition Assume Newstar incur no other costs. Required : 1. Calculate BEP in unit for option 1 and 2 2. At what level of unit sold will Newstar earn the same operating income under either option? For what range of unit sales will Newstar prefer option 1 over option 2? 3. Calculate margin of safety and degree of operating leverage at sales of $100 units for two rental option 4. Give your analysis on your answer to requirement 3 Question II : Master Budget! PT. ABC is a local t-shirt manufacturer. In 2012 management projected that they can sell 8000 units of various types t-shirt. Data required to develop this year s budget is as follows : a. Finished goods inventory on January 1 is 100 units, each costing Rp Management planned to maintain its current level of finished goods inventory at the end of b. Inputs include the following : Price Quantity Inventory at Jan 1 Fabric Rp per meter 1 meter per shirt 75 meter at Rp9.000 Dye Rp per ounce 3 ounces per shirt 100 ounces at Rp750 Labor Rp per DLH 0.25 DLH per shirt c. Overhead costs for 2012 are estimated for fixed and variable components: (measured in direct labor hour (DLH)). Overhead are allocated to finish product using direct labor hour as the cost allocation base. Fixed Cost Component Variable Cost Component Supplies - Rp 500 Power - Rp Maintenance Rp Supervision Rp Depreciation Rp Other Rp

3 Required : Prepare a partial annual operating budget for the year 2012 : (1) Production Budget (2) Direct Material Usage Budget (3) Direct Labor Cost Budget (4) Manufacturing Overhead Cost Budget (5) Cost of Goods Sold Budget Question III : Cash Budget Champion Hardware is a hardware wholesaler. All sales are credit sales with the term of payment 5/10, n/end of month. Information about the store s operation follows : December 2011 sales amounted to $ Sales are budgeted at $ for January 2012 and $ for February 2012 Collection are expected to be 30% in the month of sale within the discount period, 30% also in month of sale but after the discount period, and 38% in the month following the sale. Two percent of sales are expected to uncollectible. Bad debt expense is recognized monthly. Cost of goods sold is 75% of sales. A total of 70% of the merchandise for resale is purchased in the month prior to the month of the sale, and 30% is purchased in the month of the sale. Payment for merchandise is made in the month following the purchase. The company always take the benefit of 2% discount offered by the supplier for payment before the 10th of the month. Annual operating expenses for 2012 is budgeted for $ From this amount $ is fixed cost which include $ depreciation expense. The remaining operating expense is considered variable. All operating expense will be paid as incurred. The budgeted annual operating expenses is based on the expected annual sales $ The company s balance sheet of December 31,2011 is as follows : Assets Champion Hardware Inc. Balance Sheet December 31, 2011 Cash $ Account Receivable (net $ allowance for uncollectible accounts) $ Inventory $ Property and Equipment (net of $ accumulated depreciation) $ Total Assets $

4 Liabilities and Stockholder s Equity Account Payable $ Common Stock $ Retained Earning $ Total Liabilities and Stockholder s Equity $ Required : 1. Prepare a cash budget for January 2012 in detail (show your computation) to show the expected cash balance at the end of January Suppose you are preparing a budgeted balance sheet as of January 31, Please show the balance for the following account : a. Cash b. Account Receivable c. Account Payable 3. If the company has minimum cash balance policy of $40.000, how this will affect your answer. Question IV : Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Overhead-Cost Variances The following information is provided to assist you in evaluating the performance of Odysius, Inc. : Actual Cost: Direct Material Purchased and Used Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead $ 188,700 (102,000 pounds) $ 140,000 (10,700 hours) $ 204,000 (61% is variable) Standard Cost per Unit: Direct Material Direct Labor Variabel Overhead $ 1.65x5 pounds per unit output $ per hour x 0.5 hour/unit $ per direct-labor hour Production Budget: Direct Material $ 165,000 Direct Labor $ 140,000 Manufacturing Labor $ 199,000 Variable overhead is applied on the bases of direct labor hours. The company s actual production and sales was 21,000 units, which was 17,5% market share. Average selling price

5 was $38. The company expected to get 20% market share. The exacted market for this product is units. Its selling price is budgeted at $40. Required : Prepare a complete various report and analysis consists of : a. Direct-material price and quantity variances b. Direct-labor rate&efficiency variances c. Variable-overhead spending&efficiency variances d. Fixed-overhead spending & production volume variances e. Sales price variance f. Sales volume variance g. Sales quantity variance h. Market Share and Market Size Variance i. The flexible budget variance Question V : Customer Profitability Analysis VITALIFE is a local distributor of herbal medicine products. With the growing competitiveness in the industry, VITALIFE s new controller, Budi Black, wants to use ABC system instead of traditional costing to examine individual customer profitability within each distribution market. He identified there are five activities related with customer cost: order processing, line-item ordering, store deliveries, carton deliveries, and shelf-stocking. He focuses first on the Blue Green Co. single store distribution market. Four customers are used to exemplify the insight availability with the ABC approach. For the February 2012, he listed the following data for those selected customers : Arfi Pharmacy Blink Pharmacy Chand Pharmacy Durum Pharmacy Average Revenue per Delivery Rp Rp Rp Rp Average Cost of Goods Sold per Delivery Rp Rp Rp Rp Total Orders Average Line Items per Order Total Store deliveries Average cartons shipped per store delivery Average hours of shelfstocking per store delivery He also collects the following information related with customer s cost activities: Activity Area Cost Driver Rate in 2012 Order Processing Rp per order Line-item ordering Rp per line item Store deliveries Rp per store delivery

6 Carton deliveries Shelf-stocking Rp per carton Rp per stocking hour Required : 1. Compute customer-level operating income using ABC approach for those selected customers. 2. Based on the above calculations, what opinion shoul Budi Black consider with regard to those selected individual customers. Questions I : Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 1. Break Even Point for Option I Total Revenue = Total Cost $500 x Q = (350 x Q) + $ 5,000 Q Break Even Point for Option II Total Revenue = Total Cost = 33,33 atau 34 (pembulatan keatas) $500 x Q = (350 x Q) + (10% x 500 x Q) 100 Q = 0 Maka Q = 0 Hal ini terjadi karena semua cost bersifat variable sehingga biaya hanya akan terjadi apabila PT. Newstar memproduksi atau menjual sebuah produk. 2. Operating Income Opt 1 = Operating Income Opt 2 500Q 350Q 5,000 = 500Q 350Q 50Q Maka nilai Q = Sales Quantity = 100 unit Opt1 Opt 2 Margin of Safety (MS) MS = Budgeted Sales Quantity - Q BEP MS = 100 unit 34 unit MS = 66 unit atau $33,000 MS = Budgeted Sales Quantity - Q BEP MS = 100 unit 0 unit MS = 100 unit atau $50,000 Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) DOL = DOL = DOL = 1.5 DOL = DOL = 1 Contribution Margin Operating Income 500x x x x100 $ 5, x x100 (50x100) 500x x100 (50x100) 4. Margin of Safety menunjukkan seberapa besar penurunan didalam pendapatan atau kuantitas yang dijual agar tidak mencapai kerugian. Hal ini berarti, batas maksimal

7 pendapatan PT. Newstar dapat menurun atau penjualan berukurang adalah sebesar hingga $33,000 dan 66 unit pada Option I; jika lebih maka PT. Newstar akan mengalami kerugian. Option II; batas maksimal pendapatan dan penjualan dapat turun agar tidak mengalami kerugian adalah sebsar $50,000 dan 100unit. Degree of Leverage menggambarkan efek dari adanya fixed cost terhadap perubahan operating income akibat adanya perubahan pada unit yang terjual ataupun contribution margin. Semakin besar fixed cost yang ada, maka DOL akan semakin besar. Option 1 : DOL = 1.5 artinya 1% perubahaan pada penjualan dan contribution margin akan menghasilkan perubahan sebesar 1,5 kali pada operating income. Option 2 : DOL = 1 artinya 1% perubahaan pada penjualan dan contribution margin akan menghasilkan perubahan sebesar 1 kali pada operating income. Questions II : Master Budget! a. PRODUCTION BUDGET PT. ABC Production Budget (in Units) For the Year Ending December 31, 2012 Product Budgeted Unit Sales 8,000 Add Target Ending Inventory 100 Total Required Units 8,100 Deduct Beginning Inventory (100) Units of Finished Good to be Produced 8,000 b. DIRECT MATERIAL USAGE BUDGET Physical Units Budget Direct Material Required PT. ABC Direct Material Usage Budget (in Quantity and Rupiahs) For the Year Ending December 31, 2012 Fabric Dye Total 8,000 meter (8,000 x 1 meter/unit) 24,000 ounces (8,000 x 3 ounces/unit) (+) ending inventory 0 0 DM required 8,000 24,000 (-) beginning inventory (75) (100) DM to be purchased 7,925 23,900 Cost Budget Available from Beginning DM Fabric Rp 675,000 Dye Rp 75,000 To be Purchased this period Fabric (7,925 x Rp 10,000) Rp 79,250,000 Dye (23,900 x Rp 1000) Rp 23,900,000 Direct Material to be Used Rp 79,925,000 Rp 23,975,000 Rp 103,900,000 c. DIRECT LABOR COST BUDGET

8 PT. ABC Direct Labor Cost Budget For the Year Ending December 31, 2012 Product Unit Produced 8,000 DLH/unit 0.25 DLH/unit Total Hours 2,000 hours Wages per Hours Rp 10,000 Total DL Cost Rp 20,000,000 d. MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD COST BUDGET PT. ABC Manufacturing Overhead Cost Budget For the Year Ending December 31, 2012 Fixed Cost Variable Cost Total Supplies - Rp 1,000,000 ( Rp 500 x 2000 DLH) Power Rp 2,000,000 ( Rp 1000 x 2000 DLH) Maintenance Rp 20,000,000 Supervision Rp 60,000,000 Depreciation Rp 75,000,000 Other Rp 15,000,000 Total MOH Rp 170,000,000 Rp 3,000,000 Rp 173,000,000 e. COST OF GOODS SOLD BUDGET PT. ABC Direct Labor Cost Budget For the Year Ending December 31, 2012 Beginning Inventory Rp 1,500,000 Cost of Goods Manufactured DM Used Rp 103,900,000 DL Used Rp 20,000,000 MOH Rp 173,000,000 COGM Rp 296,900,000 Cost of Goods Available for Sale Rp 298,400,000 Deduct Ending Inventory* (Rp 37,125 x 100 unit) Rp ( 3,712,500) Cost of Goods Sold Rp 294,687,500 *) Cost of Ending Inventory/Unit = Cost per Unit Input Allowed Total

9 Fabric Rp 10,000 1 metre Rp 10,000 Dye Rp 1,000 3 ounces Rp 3,000 Labor Rp 10,000 0,25 DLH Rp 2,500 MOH Rp 86, ,25 DLH Rp 21,625 Cost of Ending Invt/ unit Rp 37,125 1)MOH dialokasikan dengan cost-allocation base nya adalah DLH. Total budgeted DLH adalah 2000 hours sedangkan budgeted MOH Rp 173,000,000 maka MOH rate nya adalah Rp 86,500. QUESTIONS III: Cash Budget a. Champion Hardware Cash Budget January 2012 Cash Balance, Dec ,000 Add Receipts : 30% cash received within discount period 153,900 (30%x95%x Rp540,000) 30% cash received after discount period 162,000 (30%x Rp540,000) 38% cash received from previous period 190,000 (38% x Rp 500,000) Total Cash Receipt 505,900 Cash Available for Needs 549,900 Deduct Cash Disbursement : Cash paid to supplier for January 2012 (277,830) (75%x 70%x 98% x 540,000) Cash paid to supplier for December 2011 (110,250) (75%x30%x 98%x 500,000) Cash paid to operating expense (126,000) (540,000/6,000,000) * (1,600, ,000) Total Cash Disbursement (514,080) Ending Cash Balance 35,820 b. Cash 35,820 Account Receivable 205,200 = Beg AR Collection + AR in January = 190, ,000 + (38% x Rp540,000) Account Payable 312,240 = Beg AP Payment + AP in January = 324, ,080 + {(75%x70%x98%xRp500,000)+ (75%x30%x98%xRp 540,000)} c. If company has minimum cash balance policy 40,000; therefore company should do financing by borrowing 4,180 ( 40,000 35,820); so the ending cash balance will be 40,000.

10 QUESTIONS IV : Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Overhead-Cost Variances a. Direct-material price and quantity variances b. Direct-labor rate&efficiency variances

11 c. Variable-overhead spending&efficiency variances d. Fixed-overhead spending & production volume variances e. Sales price variance = ( Actual Price Budgeted Price ) x Actual Quantity = ($38 - $40) x $ = (U) f. Sales volume variance = ( Actual Quantity Budgeted Quantity ) x Budgeted Contribution Margin

12 = ( ) x $18.8* = (F) *) Contribution Margin = $40 ($1,65x5) (0,5*$14) (0,5 * 11,9) = $18,8 g. Sales quantity variance; jawaban digabung dengan point H. h. Market Share and Market Size Variance Note : Jika perusahaan hanya memiliki 1 jenis product, secara otomatis Sales volume Variance akan sama dengan Sales Quantity Variance i. The flexible budget variance Note : Flexible Budget Variance terdiri dari Selling Price Variance, DM Variance, DML Variance, MOH Variance. Maka... jumlahkan semua variance tersebut! Perhatikan (U) dan (F) nyaa Flexible Budget variance = (15.450) (42.000) = (U) QUESTIONS IV: Customer Profitability Analysis a) Perhitungan analisa Arif Pharmacy Blink Pharmacy Chand Pharmacy Durum Pharmacy Revenue from each customer Rp Rp Rp Rp Cost of Goods Sold each customer Rp Rp Rp Rp Gross Margin Rp Rp Rp0 Rp Operating Expenses : Order Processing ( x 12; 13; 16; 10) Line Item Ordering ( x average linexorder)

13 Store Deliveries ( x 10; 7; 5; 10) Carton Deliveries (3.500 x average carton x total deliveries) Shelf-Stocking ( x average shelf hour x delivery) Customer Level Operating Cost Customer Level Operating Income Rp Rp (Rp ) (Rp ) b) Dari perhitungan diatas, first rank the customer : 1. Arif Pharmacy 2. Blink Pharmacy 3. Durum Pharmacy 4. Chand Pharmacy Option that Budi Black should consider, include : o Meningkatkan perhatian kepada Arif dan Blink Pharmacy sebab mereka adalah key customer dari VITALIFE. Untuk menarik mereka tetap melakukan pembelian, Budi Black bisa memberikan sedikit penurunan harga sehingga konsumen mau membeli dengan kuantitas yang banyak. o Meningkatkan harga atau mencari cara menurunkan biaya dalam memberikan jasa kepada Durum Pharmacy. Budi Black dapat menurunkan biaya pada aktivitas line item ordering. o Memutuskan hubungan kepada konsumen yang sangat tidak profitable dalam hal ini adalah Chand Pharmacy. Bisa dilihat, pada dasarnya Chand tidak memberikan apapun tetapi mengeluarkan banyak biaya. Jadi, Budi dapat mengambil keputusan untuk tidak lagi memberikan jasa kepada Chand namun tetap membangun hubungan dengan pelanggan yang profitable.