MEMBUAT PROTOTIPE LOGO
Example: Apple PowerBook Duo Trackball Prototype: an approximation of the product along one or more dimensions of interest perkiraan bagaimana nantinya suatu produk bersama dengan satu atau lebih dimensi yang menjadi perhatian
Physical vs. Analytical Prototypes Physical Prototypes Tangible approximation of the product. May exhibit unmodeled behavior. Some behavior may be an artifact of the approximation. Often best for communication. Analytical Prototypes Mathematical ti model of the product. Can only exhibit behavior arising from explicitly modeled phenomena. (However, behavior is not always anticipated. Some behavior may be an artifact of the analytical method. Often allow more experimental freedom than physical models.
Focused vs. Comprehensive Prototypes Focused Prototypes Implement one or a few attributes of the product. Answer specific questions about the product design. Generally several are required. Comprehensive Prototypes Implement many or all attributes of the product. Offer opportunities for rigorous testing. Often best for milestones and integration.
Tipe-tipe Prototypes Physical ball support prototype alpha prototype beta prototype final product Focused trackball mechanism linked to circuit simulation Comprehensive simulation of trackball circuits not generally feasible equations modeling ball supports Analytical
Fungsi Prototypes Learning answering questions about performance or feasibility e.g., proof-of-concept model Communication demonstration of product for feedback e.g., 3D physical models of style or function Integration combination of sub-systems into system model e.g., alpha or beta test models Milestones goal for development team s schedule e.g., first testable t hardware
Boeing 777 Testing Brakes Test Minimum rotor thickness Maximum takeoff weight Maximum runway speed Will the brakes ignite? Wing g Test Maximum loading When will it break? Where will it break?
Comprehensive Prototypes Many comprehensive prototypes are built. Some comprehensive prototypes build (and sold?). Technica al or Mark Low et Risk High One prototype may be used for verification. Few or no comprehensive prototypes are built. Low High Cost of Comprehensive Prototype
Prinsip-prinsip Prototyping Analytical prototypes pada umumnya lebih fleksibel dibandingkan Physical prototypes t Physical prototypes adalah keharusan untuk mengantisipasi fenomena yang belum diantisipasi Prototype dapat mengurangi resiko iterasi yang memakan biaya Prototype dapat membantu ketidakpastian langkah pengembangan lainnya Prototype dapat merestrukturisasi ketergantungan antar tugas.
Mengurangi resiko iterasi
Merestrukturisasi ketergantungan antar tugas
Membantu langkah pengembangan
Perhatian : Consider multiple forms of prototypes Choose the timing of prototype cycles. Many early models are used to validate concepts. Relatively l few comprehensive models are necessary to test integration
Perencanaan untuk Prototypes 1. Definisikan tujuan dari prototype 2. Buat tingkat perkiraan yang diinginkan 3. Outline rencana eksperimental 4. Buat jadwal untuk pembelian bahan, konstruksi dan test
Rapid Prototyping Methods Most of these methods are additive, rather than subtractive, processes. Build parts in layers based on CAD model. SLA=Stereolithography Apparatus bahan : liquid photopolymer SLS=Selective Laser Sintering bahan : thermoplastic powder FDM = Fuse Deposition Model bahan : modelling filamen 3D Printing = Free-form fabrication menciptakan objek fisik secara langsung g dari sebuah model yang dibuat di komputer LOM=Laminated Object Manufacturing Others every year...
Rapid Prototyping - SLA
Free-form fabrication
Virtual Prototyping 3D computer modeling menggunakan komputer software, dibuat image dari produk. Seringkali disebut digital mockup. 3D CAD models enable many kinds of analysis: - Fit and assembly - Manufacturability - Form and style - Kinematics - Finite element analysis (stress, thermal) - Crash testingti
3D computer modeling
BMW Virtual Crash Test From: Scientific American, March 1999
Traditional Prototyping Methods CNC machining Rubber molding + urethane casting Materials: wood, foam, plastics, etc. Model making requires special skills.
Fabricated Model Cast Urethane e
Alpha, Beta and Preproduction Prototypes Alpha digunakan untuk menilai apakah produk dapat bekerja seperti yang diinginkan. Biasanya part yang digunakan sama dalam bahan dan geometrinya, tapi proses produksinya disesuaikan. Beta digunakan untuk menilai reliabilitas dan mencari kelemahan yang masih ada di dalam produk. Biasanya beta prototype diberikan pada konsumen untuk digunakan dalam lingkungan penggunaannya. Diproduksi seperti yang akan dilakukan seperti produk akhir yang diinginkan, tetapi tidak dirakit dengan alat dan fasilitas perakitan akhir
Alpha, Beta and Preproduction Prototypes Preproduction produk pertama yang diproduksi d i oleh keseluruhan proses produksi. Pada saat ini, proses produksi hanya menghasilkan kuantitas yang terbatas saja.