ABSTRACK. Keywords: Activity-based costing system, Mark-up. Universitas Kristen Maranatha

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Transkripsi:

ABSTRACK Industry competition lately become increasingly stringent. Therefore, a company requires high competitiveness to maintain the continuity of the industry. Appropriate cost calculation method is needed by an enterprise, therefore, this study discusses the relationship between Activity-based costing system as the dependent variable in the calculation of the cost of bread and determining the selling price as independent variables. The research method used is descriptive analytical method, namely a study conducted by collecting data costs incurred in PT. X, present it so that gives an idea of the actual state of the PT. X. whether PT. X is properly classifying costs, calculate the cost of bread with the right, and set the selling price of bread properly. It also conducted analyzing the cost data resulting in the calculation of cost price selling price of bread and bread is more appropriate. Then, from analyzing the conclusions drawn and suggestions. The result showed that the PT. X does not categorize the costs incurred by the right. In addition, PT. X does not count the cost of the product because they do not charge the existing fee into each product, but only include material cost into the cost of the product. Calculation error resulted in fundamental error of calculation for determining the selling price. The results showed significant differences between the calculations before and after using the Activity-based costing system. Calculation using Activity-based costing system produces a more accurate cost of goods so it can be a good base to set the selling price. Determination of appropriate price determination is supported by mark-ups that should consider deposit rates, the competitive situation, and the buying power of customers. Keywords: Activity-based costing system, Mark-up.

ABSTRAK Persaingan industri akhir-akhir ini menjadi semakin ketat. Oleh karena itu suatu perusahaan membutuhkan daya saing yang tinggi untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan industrinya. Metode perhitungan biaya yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan oleh suatu perusahaan, oleh karena itu penelitian ini membahas tentang hubungan antara Activitybased costing system sebagai variabel dependen dengan perhitungan harga pokok roti dan penetapan harga jual sebagai variabel independen. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analitis, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data-data biaya yang terjadi di PT. X, menyajikannya sehingga memberi gambaran mengenai keadaan yang sebenarnya dari PT. X. apakah PT. X sudah mengelompokan biaya dengan tepat, menghitung harga pokok roti dengan tepat, dan menetapkan harga jual roti dengan tepat. Selain itu juga dilakukan penganalisisan data biaya tersebut sehingga menghasilkan perhitungan harga pokok roti dan harga jual roti yang lebih tepat. Kemudian, dari penganalisisan tersebut diambil simpulan dan saran. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa PT. X tidak mengelompokan biaya yang terjadi dengan tepat. Selain itu, PT. X tidak menghitung harga pokok produk dengan benar karena tidak membebankan seluruh biaya yang ada ke setiap produk, melainkan hanya memasukan biaya material ke dalam harga pokok produk. Kesalahan perhitungan tersebut mengakibatkan kesalahan dasar perhitungan untuk penetapan harga jual. Hasil pembahasan menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara perhitungan sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan Activity-based costing system. Perhitungan menggunakan Activity-based costing system menghasilkan harga pokok yang lebih tepat sehingga dapat menjadi dasar yang baik untuk menetapkan harga jual produk. Penetapan harga jual yang tepat didukung oleh penetapan mark-up yang harus mempertimbangkan bunga deposito, situasi persaingan, dan daya beli pelanggan. Kata kunci : Activity-based costing system, Mark-up.

DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL...i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN...ii SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI...iii KATA PENGANTAR...iv ABSTRACK...vi ABSTRAK...vii DAFTAR ISI...viii DAFTAR GAMBAR...xi DAFTAR TABEL...xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN...xiv BAB I PENDAHULUAN...1 1.1. Latar Belakang Penelitian...1 1.2. Identifikasi Masalah...3 1.3. Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian...4 1.4. Kegunaan Penelitian...5 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN...6 2.1. Kajian Pustaka...6 2.1.1. Biaya...6 2.1.2. Harga Pokok Produksi...8 2.1.2.1. Pengertian Harga Pokok Produksi...8 2.1.2.2. Pentingnya Harga Pokok Produksi...10

2.1.3. Sistem Biaya Tradisional...12 2.1.3.1. Pengertian Sistem Biaya Tradisional...12 2.1.3.2. Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi dalam Sistem Biaya Tradisional...13 2.1.3.3. Kelemahan dan Kelebihan Sistem Biaya Tradisional...14 2.1.4. Activity-Based Costing System...15 2.1.4.1. Pengertian Activity-Based Costing System...15 2.1.4.2. Struktur Activity-Based Costing System...15 2.1.4.2.1. Aktivitas...15 2.1.4.2.2. Cost Driver...17 2.1.4.2.3. Cost Pool...18 2.1.4.3. Pembebanan Biaya Overhead dalam Activity-Based Costing System...18 2.1.4.4. Manfaat Perhitungan Biaya Overhead Berdasarkan Aktivitas...19 2.1.4.5. Kelemahan dan Kelebihan Activity-Based Costing...19 2.1.5. Perbedaan Sistem Biaya Tradisional dan Activity-Based Costing System...21 2.2. Kerangka Pemikiran...21 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN...24 3.1. Objek Penelitian...24 3.2. Jenis Penelitian...25 3.3. Teknik Pengumpulan Data...25

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN...27 4.1. Sejarah Singkat Perusahaan...27 4.2. Struktur Organisasi dan Pembagian Tugas...28 4.3. Produk Perusahaan...31 4.4. Proses Produksi...32 4.5. Biaya-Biaya yang Terjadi pada PT. X...34 4.6. Pengelompokan Biaya dan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk di PT. X...37 4.6.1. Pengelompokan Biaya di PT. X...37 4.6.2. Sistem Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk di PT. X...39 4.6.3. Sistem Perhitungan Harga Jual Produk di PT. X...42 4.7. Pembahasan Mengenai Pengelompokan Biaya, Perhitungan Harga Pokok Roti, dan Penetapan Harga Jual di PT. X...43 4.7.1. Pengelompokan Biaya...44 4.7.2. Sistem Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk dengan Menggunakan Activity-Based Costing System...51 4.7.3. Sistem Perhitungan Harga Jual Produk...90 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN...95 5.1. Simpulan...95 5.2. Saran...96 DAFTAR PUSTAKA...98 LAMPIRAN...99 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS ( CURRICULUM VITAE)...113

DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1 Gambar 2 Gambar 3 Konsep Laporan Harga Pokok Produksi...11 Skema Metodologi Penelitian...26 Struktur Organisasi PT. X...28

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I Tabel II Tabel III Tabel IV Tabel V Tabel VI Tabel VII Tabel VIII Tabel IX Tabel X Tabel XI Tabel XII Perincian Bahan Baku Per Bulan...34 Biaya Bahan Baku Produk per unit...40 Perhitungan Harga Jual Roti per Unit (Rp)...42 Pengelompokan Biaya Produksi...45 Pengelompokan Biaya non Produksi...49 Perhitungan Biaya Bahan Baku Roti per Unit...53 Perhitungan Biaya Tenaga Kerja Langsung (Rp)...55 Aktivitas-aktivitas Bagian Produksi...55 Biaya Gaji dan THR Pegawai Umum dan Pegawai Pembersih...56 Alokasi Biaya Sewa Gedung per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...57 Alokasi Biaya Rekening Listrik per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...58 Alokasi Biaya Pemeliharaan Oven, Mesin aduk, dan Kendaraan per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...60 Tabel XIII Alokasi Biaya Pemeliharaan Peralatan Pabrik per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...60 Tabel XIV Perhitungan Penyusutan Oven, Mesin Aduk, Kendaraan, Telepon, dan Peralatan Pabrik...62 Tabel XV Tabel XVI Alokasi Biaya Penyusutan Mesin aduk, Oven, dan Kendaraan...63 Alokasi biaya Penyusutan telepon dan Peralatan Pabrik per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...63 Tabel XVII Tabel XVIII Tabel XIX Alokasi Biaya Bahan Bakar Oven per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...63 Alokasi Biaya Bahan Bakar Kendaraan per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...64 Alokasi Biaya Gaji dan THR Supir per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...65

Tabel XX Tabel XXI Alokasi Biaya Rekening Telepon per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...66 Konsumsi Biaya Overhead Pada Masing-masing Aktivitas dalam Bulan...68 Tabel XXII Tabel XXIII Tabel XXIV Tabel XXV Tabel XXVI Tabel XXVII Tarif Biaya Overhead per Aktivitas dalam Bulan...68 Perhitungan Biaya Overhead Per unit Produk...69 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi per Produk dalam Unit...71 Alokasi Biaya Pemasaran per Aktivitas per Bulan...76 Perhitungan Tarif Biaya Pemesanan per Aktivitas per Bulan...77 Perhitungan Biaya Pemasaran per Bulan per Unit Produk...79 Tabel XXVIII Alokasi Biaya Administrasi per Aktivitas per Bulan...83 Tabel XXIX Tabel XXX Tabel XXXI Tabel XXXII Perhitungan Tarif Biaya Administrasi dan Umum...84 Perhitungan Biaya Administrasi per Bulan per Unit Produk...84 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Roti PT. X per Unit (dalam Rupiah)...88 Perbandingan Harga Pokok Roti per Unit (dalam Rupiah)...89 Tabel XXXIII Perhitungan Harga Jual Roti PT. X per Unit (dalam Rupiah)...92 Tabel XXXIV Perbandingan Harga Jual Produk per Unit (dalam Rupiah)...93

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran A Lampiran B Lampiran C Lampiran D Penjualan Roti per Jenis per Bulan (dalam Unit)...99 Biaya Bahan Baku Produk per unit...100 Perhitungan Biaya Bahan Baku Roti per Unit...103 Konsumsi Biaya Overhead Pada Masing-masing Aktivitas dalam Bulan...106 Lampiran E Perhitungan Biaya Overhead Per unit Produk...107