T p = 84 0 C, T c = C. h ra = h ra = W/m 2.K. h c = v. T langit = (T udara ) 3/2. h rc = V angin = 1.

Lampiran 1. Contoh Perhitungan Koefisisen Kehilangan Panas (U t ) Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dan cover (h a ). L= 1m,T pelat absorber : 84 0 C, T udara : 35.9 0 C T f = (84+35.9)/2= 59.95 0 C= 333.1 K T: 48.1 0 C, ρ= 1.0606 kg/m 3, β= 0.003143 C p = 1008.085 J/kg.K k= 0.0287 W/m.K μ : 1.998 x 10-5 Pa.s Maka: Pr: Pr = = 0.7 Gr = (L 3 ρ 2 gcosɸ Tβ)/μ 2 = 2.951 x 10 9 Ra = Gr x Pr = 2.07 x 10 9 ( nilai lebih besar dari 10 9 ) Untuk Ra yang laminar ( 10 9 ) digunakan nilai Nu: Koefisien perpindahan panas radiasi antara absorber dan cover (h ra ) =5.67 x 10-8 T p = 84 0 C, T c = 60.67 0 C Emisivitas pelat( p ) = 0.11, Emisivitas cover ( c ) = 0.88 h ra = ( ) ( )( ) h ra = 1.0153 W/m 2.K koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara cover dan udara luar (h c ). v angin = 1.43 m/s h c = 5.7 + 3.8v = 11.1 W/m 2.K Koefisien perpindahan panas radiasi antara cover dan udara luar (h rc ) Untuk menghitung koefisien perpindahan panas perlu ditentukan T langit. Berdasarkan Swinbank (1963) didalam Jansen (1995) dihitung dengan: T langit = 0.0552 (T udara ) 3/2 Nu = 0.68 + [ ( ) ] Untuk seluruh nilai Ra nilai Nu: Maka h rc = = 299.92 K ( ) ( ) Nu= { [ ( ) ] Maka Nu = 153.558 Sehingga h a = (Nu x k)/ L = 4.41 W/m 2.K } = 6.36 W/m 2 K Untuk cover 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, dan 0% terdapat bagian pelat absorber yang tidak tertutup cover sehingga perlu dihitung: Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dengan udara luar (h b ): V angin = 1.43 m/s 47

Lanjutan Lampiran 1. Maka h c = 5.7 + 3.8v = 11.1 W/m 2.K Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi antara pelat absorber dengan udara luar (h rb ): T langit = 0.0552 (T udara ) 3/2 h rb = = 299.92 K ( ) ( ) = 0.843 W/m 2 K Perhitungan tahanan termal U t = = + R 1 = + (cover) + R 2 = Untuk perhitungan cover 100%, tidak memiliki nilai R 2 karena seluruh pelat tertutup cover, sehingga: R t = + (cover) + = 0.247 m 2.K/W U t = 4.038 W/m 2.K Untuk perhitungan cover 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% memiliki nilai R 2 karena sebagian pelat tidak tertutup cover, sehingga: Cover 40% R 1 = + (cover) + R 2 = = 0.252 = 0.0836 = + A= luasan pelat (0.3 m 2 ) A 1 = luasan pelat tertutup cover = (0.3 x 0.4)= 0.12 m 2 (cover 40%) A 2 = luasan pelat tak tertutup cover = (0.3 x 0.6 ) = 0.18 m 2 (cover 40%) = 2.631 K/W R t = 0.114 m 2.K/W U t = 8.77 W/m 2. K Untuk perhitungan cover 0% hanya memiliki nilai R 2 karena pelat tidak tertutup cover, sehingga: Cover 0% h b = 11.1 W/m 2. K, h rb = 0.80 W/m 2.K R 2 = = 0.0837 m 2.K/W = R t U t = 11.93 W/m 2.K Contoh Perhitungan Laju aliran Massa C D =0.65 A= 0.015 m 2 H=0.71 T i = 55.5 0 C= 328.3 K T 0 =35.9 0 C=308.91 K Q = C D A [2gH (T i -T 0 )/T i ] 1/2 Sehingga: Q = 0.65x 0.015[2 x 9.8 x 0.71 (328.3-308.91)/328.3] 1/2 = 0.00882 m 3 /s 48

Lanjutan Lampiran 1. Maka: m = Q x ρ = 0.00882 m 3 /s x 1.07621 kg/m 3 = 0.0095 kg/s Perhitungan Hasil Simulasi Numerik menggunakan solver dari simulasi komputer berdasarkan surface integral yang merupakan fungsi dari massa jenis, luas area dan vektor kecepatan vda = 1v 1 A 1 Sehingga hasil dari perhitungan simulasi numerik simulasi komputer: 0.0098 kg/s Error hitungan simulasi dan pengukuran = 4.11% 49

Lampiran 2. Biaya Konstruksi Kolektor. No Uraian Biaya Kolektor Cover (Rp) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 Armaflex 83620 83620 83620 83620 83620 83620 2 Lem Armaflex 65000 65000 65000 65000 65000 65000 3 Kaca 18600 14880 11160 7440 3720 0 4 Pelat Alumunium 19500 19500 19500 19500 19500 19500 5 Besi Siku 53200 53200 53200 53200 53200 53200 6 Pengelasan 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 7 Gerinda 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 8 Pengeboran 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 9 Rivet 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 10 Cat 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 11 Upah Kerja 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 150000 Total Biaya 439920 436200 432480 428760 425040 421320 50

Lampiran 3. Tabel Koefisien Kehilangan Panas U t 11 April Pukul 08.00 β= 6 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.3 0.38121 0.786973 0.381207 2.62324461 cover 80% 0.3 0.36634 0.13346 1.104709 0.271565 3.68236363 cover 60% 0.3 0.35298 0.13355 1.408464 0.212998 4.69488032 cover 40% 0.3 0.33032 0.13349 1.711713 0.175263 5.70570974 cover 20% 0.3 0.3005 0.13358 1.996331 0.150276 6.65443679 cover 0% 0.3 0.13363 2.245075 0.133626 7.48358324 11 April, Pukul 10.00 β= 6 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.17 0.33382 0.898698 0.333816 2.99566083 cover 80% 0.17 0.29499 0.1387 1.246176 0.240736 4.15392021 cover 60% 0.17 0.33906 0.13948 1.391207 0.21564 4.63735598 cover 40% 0.17 0.29825 0.13924 1.695109 0.17698 5.65036173 cover 20% 0.17 0.15173 0.13961 2.11446 0.14188 7.04819887 cover 0% 0.17 0.13981 2.145757 0.139811 7.15252469 11 April pukul 12.15 β= 6 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.53 0.33332 0.900043 0.333317 3.00014313 cover 80% 0.53 0.32105 0.11718 1.259583 0.238174 4.19860889 cover 60% 0.53 0.3145 0.11762 1.592612 0.18837 5.30870763 cover 40% 0.53 0.29861 0.11769 1.931368 0.15533 6.43789183 cover 20% 0.53 0.26622 0.11781 2.262515 0.132596 7.54171796 cover 0% 0.53 0.11807 2.540801 0.118073 8.46933706 4 April pukul 10.00 β= 15 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.37 0.3156 0.950569 0.3156 3.16856446 cover 80% 0.37 0.30789 0.12506 1.25925 0.238237 4.19750159 cover 60% 0.37 0.29734 0.1252 1.563816 0.191838 5.21272131 cover 40% 0.37 0.27933 0.12506 1.868917 0.160521 6.22972192 cover 20% 0.37 0.26476 0.12589 2.133097 0.140641 7.11032314 cover 0% 0.37 0.12599 2.381215 0.125986 7.93738486 51

Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 4 April pukul 12.00 β= 15 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.17 0.31584 0.949856 0.315837 3.1661877 cover 80% 0.17 0.30872 0.13769 1.213158 0.247289 4.04385878 cover 60% 0.17 0.29552 0.13764 1.480904 0.202579 4.93634566 cover 40% 0.17 0.28031 0.13768 1.735451 0.172866 5.7848367 cover 20% 0.17 0.26204 0.1389 1.956864 0.153307 6.52287962 cover 0% 0.17 0.13998 2.143107 0.139984 7.14368975 4 April Pukul 14.00 β= 15 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.68 0.34206 0.877043 0.342058 2.9234769 cover 80% 0.68 0.33205 0.11081 1.264258 0.237293 4.21419245 cover 60% 0.68 0.31991 0.11091 1.644576 0.182418 5.48191957 cover 40% 0.68 0.29856 0.11079 2.026561 0.148034 6.75520375 cover 20% 0.68 0.27224 0.11102 2.382174 0.125935 7.9405789 cover 0% 0.68 0.11117 2.698582 0.111169 8.99527373 5 April Pukul 08.45 β= 30 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.13 0.4092 0.733134 0.409202 2.44377976 cover 80% 0.13 0.43616 0.1448 0.96461 0.311007 3.21536599 cover 60% 0.13 0.37517 0.14399 1.31316 0.228456 4.3772013 cover 40% 0.13 0.43957 0.14526 1.512184 0.198389 5.04061287 cover 20% 0.13 0.32915 0.14437 1.84467 0.162631 6.14889857 cover 0% 0.13 0.14436 2.078166 0.144358 6.92722158 5 April Pukul 10.15 β= 30 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.32 0.3247 0.92392 0.324703 3.07973363 cover 80% 0.32 0.32402 0.13042 1.200747 0.249845 4.00248845 cover 60% 0.32 0.33308 0.13075 1.458205 0.205732 4.86068311 cover 40% 0.32 0.36938 0.13113 1.697535 0.176727 5.65845081 cover 20% 0.32 0.31837 0.13085 2.022567 0.148326 6.74189122 cover 0% 0.32 0.13102 2.289725 0.13102 7.63241675 52

Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 5 April Pukul 11.30 β= 30 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.17 0.28334 1.05881 0.283337 3.52936596 cover 80% 0.17 0.28022 0.13853 1.289588 0.232632 4.29862658 cover 60% 0.17 0.28013 0.13873 1.507533 0.199001 5.02510903 cover 40% 0.17 0.31572 0.14057 1.660548 0.180663 5.53515932 cover 20% 0.17 0.27641 0.13967 1.93542 0.155005 6.45140023 cover 0% 0.17 0.13994 2.143841 0.139936 7.14613699 9 April Pukul 09.00 β= 45 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.23 0.28493 1.052895 0.284929 3.5096502 cover 80% 0.23 0.28425 0.13561 1.286785 0.233139 4.28928352 cover 60% 0.23 0.28036 0.13544 1.528007 0.196334 5.09335767 cover 40% 0.23 0.28258 0.13586 1.749581 0.17147 5.83193765 cover 20% 0.23 0.27838 0.13623 1.977308 0.151721 6.59102793 cover 0% 0.23 0.13701 2.189635 0.137009 7.29878221 9 April Pukul 12.00 β= 45 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 1.43 0.24763 1.211503 0.247626 4.03834208 cover 80% 1.43 0.24584 0.08317 1.697705 0.176709 5.65901631 cover 60% 1.43 0.24456 0.08322 2.177909 0.137747 7.25969614 cover 40% 1.43 0.25252 0.08349 2.631164 0.114018 8.77054699 cover 20% 1.43 0.24981 0.08365 3.109229 0.096487 10.3640964 cover 0% 1.43 0.08378 3.580651 0.083784 11.9355043 9 April Pukul 13.30 β= 45 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.55 0.27418 1.094158 0.274183 3.64719414 cover 80% 0.55 0.2674 0.11557 1.41667 0.211764 4.72223192 cover 60% 0.55 0.27378 0.11598 1.692102 0.177294 5.64034083 cover 40% 0.55 0.27484 0.11626 1.98484 0.151146 6.61613242 cover 20% 0.55 0.28068 0.11681 2.268437 0.13225 7.5614578 cover 0% 0.55 0.11664 2.572058 0.116638 8.57352773 53

Lanjutan Lampiran 3. 10 April Pukul 08.45 β= 60 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.38 0.30504 0.98349 0.305036 3.27830044 cover 80% 0.38 0.33606 0.12773 1.183908 0.253398 3.94636137 cover 60% 0.38 0.30556 0.12733 1.531497 0.195887 5.10499092 cover 40% 0.38 0.30138 0.1274 1.811053 0.165649 6.03684442 cover 20% 0.38 0.29758 0.12762 2.082225 0.144077 6.94075073 cover 0% 0.38 0.12782 2.346989 0.127823 7.8232954 10 April Pukul 12.30 β= 60 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.23 0.31216 0.961042 0.312161 3.20347352 cover 80% 0.23 0.34994 0.13729 1.122873 0.267172 3.74290896 cover 60% 0.23 0.31766 0.13687 1.443397 0.207843 4.81132302 cover 40% 0.23 0.31269 0.13692 1.698396 0.176637 5.66132147 cover 20% 0.23 0.30966 0.13716 1.943481 0.154362 6.47826905 cover 0% 0.23 0.13712 2.187905 0.137117 7.29301783 10 April Pukul 15.00 β= 60 v (m/s) R 1 (m 2.K/W) R 2 (m 2.K/W) A/R t (K/W) R t (m 2.K/W) U t (W/m 2 K) cover 100% 0.55 0.30942 0.969562 0.309418 3.23187309 cover 80% 0.55 0.40882 0.11754 1.097544 0.273338 3.65848034 cover 60% 0.55 0.3172 0.11723 1.591059 0.188554 5.30352891 cover 40% 0.55 0.30991 0.11724 1.922493 0.156047 6.40830845 cover 20% 0.55 0.30264 0.11736 2.243276 0.133733 7.47758615 cover 0% 0.55 0.11748 2.553524 0.117485 8.51174538 54

Lampiran 4. Jurnal file pengerjaan simulasi di fluent. SETTING MODEL PENYELESAIAN /define/models> steady Steady solution model is already enabled. /define/models> energy Enable energy model? [yes] y Compute viscous energy dissipation? [no] y /define/models//define/operating-conditions> gravity enable gravitational forces? [yes] y x-component of gravity (m/s2) [0] y-component of gravity (m/s2) [-9.8] z-component of gravity (m/s2) [0] /define/models/viscous> ke-standard Enable the standard k-epsilon turbulence model? [yes] y /define/models/viscous> buoyancy-effects Enable effects of buoyancy on turbulence? [yes] y / define/models/viscous/near-wall-treatment> swf Enable standard wall functions? [no] y /define/models/radiation> solar Enable the Solar Load model? [yes] y /define/models/radiation> solar-calculator Latitude (deg) [-6.580000196834431] Longitude (deg) [106.780003194222] Timezone (+-GMT) [7] North (X-direction) [0] North (Y-direction) [0] North (Z-direction) [1] East (X-direction) [-1] East (Y-direction) [0] East (Z-direction) [0] Day [21] Month [7] Hour [9] Minute [0] Sunshine Factor [1] Sun Direction Vector: X: -0.707, Y: 0.701, Z: 0.0846 / define/models/radiation> s2s Enable the S2S radiation model? [yes] y /define/materials> change-create SETTING SIFAT MATERIAL /define/materials> change-create material-name> aluminum material name [aluminum] aluminum is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [2719] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y 55

Lanjutan Lampiran 4. Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [871] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [202.4] /define/materials> change-create material-name> glass material name [glass] glass is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [2700] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [840] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [0.7799999713897705] /define/materials> change-create material-name> insulasi material name [insulasi] insulasi is a solid change Density? [no] y Density methods: (user-defined constant) new method [constant] value (kg/m3) [50] change Cp (Specific Heat)? [no] y Cp (Specific Heat) methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial user-defined) new method [constant] value (j/kg-k) [800] change Thermal Conductivity? [no] y Thermal Conductivity methods: (constant piecewise-linear piecewise-polynomial polynomial biaxial cyl-orthotropic orthotropic anisotropic user-defined) new method [constant] value (w/m-k) [0.03799999877810478] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall 56

Lanjutan Lampiran 4. (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] absorber Wall Thickness (m) [0.0005] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] SETTING KONDISI BATAS /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] cover Wall Thickness (m) [0.005] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> semi-transparent Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> wall (absorber-shadow absorber cover insulasi) zone id/name [absorber-shadow] insulasi Wall Thickness (m) [0.0254] Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque semi-transparent Radiation BC Type [opaque]> opaque Participates in Solar Ray Tracing? [yes] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> pressure-inlet (inlet) zone id/name [inlet] Gauge Total Pressure (atm) [0] Initial Gauge Pressure (atm) [0] /define/models//define/boundary-conditions> pressure-outlet (outlet) zone id/name [outlet] Gauge Total Pressure (atm) [0] 57

Lampiran 5. Simulasi Distribusi Suhu Udara di Bawah Pelat Absorber. x (cm) Pukul 09.00 β=6 Pukul 09.00 β=15 Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.48 27.46 27.46 27.46 27.5 27.89 0 27.04 26.98 27.26 27.14 26.98 29.65 5 27.85 27.82 27.82 27.82 27.89 28.55 5 27.06 26.98 27.17 27.21 26.98 29.99 10 28.21 28.18 28.18 28.17 28.3 29.33 10 27.36 27.26 27.21 27.26 27.2 30.2 15 28.42 28.39 28.39 28.38 28.54 29.78 15 27.39 27.38 27.27 27.28 27.26 30.33 20 28.8 28.96 28.77 28.77 29.02 30.67 20 27.43 27.38 27.38 27.38 27.49 30.63 25 28.98 29.24 28.95 28.95 29.79 31.11 25 27.45 27.44 27.44 27.43 27.71 30.84 30 29.35 29.29 29.16 29.23 30.07 31.95 30 27.56 27.55 27.69 27.54 28.24 31.26 35 29.36 29.44 29.22 29.28 30.71 32.36 35 27.61 27.66 27.67 27.65 28.81 31.46 40 29.39 29.54 29.27 29.34 31.05 33.15 40 27.7 27.68 27.69 27.67 30.33 32.03 45 29.4 29.61 29.35 29.39 32.91 33.53 45 27.82 27.74 27.73 27.75 31.68 33.32 50 29.46 29.65 29.6 29.43 35.34 36.05 50 28.76 28.77 27.66 28.75 32.35 34.57 55 29.46 29.72 29.64 29.74 35.83 39.07 55 28.98 29.01 28.78 28.89 34.2 36.32 60 29.52 29.73 29.76 29.81 36.7 39.43 60 29.04 29.06 28.95 29 34.83 36.82 65 29.59 29.74 29.83 30.28 37.43 40.1 65 29.09 29.11 28.88 29.17 35.64 37.49 70 29.74 29.77 29.87 30.68 37.74 40.71 70 29.4 29.26 28.95 29.29 36.1 37.9 75 29.74 29.86 31.18 31.48 38.03 41 75 30.46 30.25 28.99 29.61 36.88 38.61 80 29.76 30.93 36.71 33 38.3 41.26 80 31.09 31.06 29.05 30.74 38.94 40.78 85 29.77 36.29 37.96 35.74 38.97 41.52 85 32.31 32.46 29.19 34.52 39.67 41.6 90 29.86 37.33 38.19 36.27 39.17 42.21 90 32.37 32.57 29.29 38.06 39.98 41.89 95 30.86 37.59 38.87 38.63 41.57 42.41 95 32.52 33.37 30.32 46.54 40.26 42.16 100 36 49.32 52.4 55 54.34 55 100 35.21 45.13 51.09 53.16 51.09 53.4 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 58

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. x (cm) Pukul 09.00 β=30 Pukul 09.00 β=45 Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.15 27.14 27.13 27.13 27.15 29.37 0 28.5 28.57 28.67 28.61 28.5 27.15 5 27.44 27.43 27.41 27.41 27.42 30.5 5 28.87 28.92 28.94 28.9 28.77 28.41 10 27.64 27.7 27.63 27.61 27.62 30.24 10 29 29.05 29.03 29.03 28.83 30.7 15 27.77 27.86 27.79 27.73 27.74 30.49 15 29.03 29.11 29.17 29.07 28.97 30.79 20 28.07 27.99 28.01 27.97 28.02 30.96 20 29.15 29.17 29.18 29.07 29.01 30.88 25 28.12 28.06 28.06 28.07 28.23 31.18 25 29.2 29.19 29.2 29.13 29.09 31.36 30 28.22 28.22 28.28 28.24 28.88 31.61 30 29.22 29.27 29.2 29.17 29.49 31.64 35 28.3 28.31 28.46 28.33 29.38 31.83 35 29.29 29.28 29.26 29.27 29.79 32.18 40 28.45 28.48 28.6 28.48 30.27 32.24 40 29.29 29.33 29.29 29.35 30.55 32.35 45 28.53 29.63 29.55 28.54 30.67 32.43 45 29.35 29.36 29.31 29.48 30.94 32.44 50 29.51 30.19 30.12 29.49 32.26 34.07 50 29.37 29.41 29.32 29.55 31.51 32.93 55 30.13 30.26 30.27 30.4 33.9 35.47 55 29.37 29.42 29.36 29.71 31.75 33.13 60 30.21 30.31 30.39 30.39 34.26 35.67 60 29.39 29.42 29.41 29.79 32.18 33.29 65 30.23 30.43 30.5 30.3 34.88 36.05 65 29.42 29.43 29.46 30.04 32.53 33.81 70 30.26 30.55 30.54 30.5 35.41 36.39 70 29.46 29.47 29.53 30.64 32.68 33.84 75 30.39 30.65 30.58 30.97 35.65 36.56 75 29.49 29.51 29.64 31.09 32.7 33.96 80 30.51 30.66 30.68 31.85 35.88 36.71 80 29.51 29.53 29.79 31.76 32.82 34.06 85 30.6 30.68 30.8 32.98 36.09 36.86 85 29.51 29.79 29.84 31.95 32.94 34.16 90 30.62 33.27 33.42 35.28 36.66 37.27 90 29.6 29.89 31.74 32.18 33.26 34.44 95 30.63 33.54 34.06 38.68 36.82 37.39 95 29.81 31.76 32.07 35.45 33.36 34.53 100 35.68 39.68 40.36 41.52 41.87 41.3 100 30.77 36.68 37.95 39.79 38.41 38.06 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 59

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 09.00 β=60 Pukul 12.00 β=6 x (cm) Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.07 27.06 27.09 27.06 27.06 28.13 0 27.86 27.82 27.85 27.84 27.83 28.48 5 27.26 27.23 27.27 27.49 27.55 28.16 5 28.46 28.40 28.44 28.43 28.43 29.51 10 27.41 27.38 27.39 27.52 27.63 28.34 10 29.13 29.05 29.09 29.07 29.10 30.75 15 27.44 27.41 27.55 27.68 28.46 28.64 15 29.50 29.42 29.45 29.44 29.49 31.46 20 27.49 27.52 27.64 27.72 28.67 28.77 20 30.16 30.08 30.11 30.13 30.29 32.84 25 27.6 27.52 27.7 27.73 29.02 29.02 25 30.46 30.39 30.41 30.45 30.70 33.51 30 27.63 27.69 27.78 27.82 29.16 29.13 30 31.03 30.97 30.98 31.04 31.60 34.81 35 27.69 27.74 27.84 27.87 29.87 29.34 35 31.31 31.24 31.25 31.32 32.11 35.45 40 27.77 27.81 27.91 28.05 30.63 29.44 40 31.80 31.74 31.74 31.86 33.27 36.66 45 27.83 27.86 27.99 28.14 30.79 30.05 45 32.03 32.10 31.96 32.12 33.89 37.24 50 27.98 28.04 28.13 28.77 31.09 30.26 50 32.46 32.83 31.10 31.27 37.37 41.18 55 27.99 28.09 28.13 29.71 31.35 30.65 55 32.70 33.02 30.82 31.53 42.00 45.89 60 28.02 28.14 28.14 29.97 31.47 30.72 60 32.73 33.82 31.14 31.45 42.84 46.45 65 28.12 28.21 28.27 30.19 31.58 30.86 65 32.89 34.51 31.36 31.58 44.33 47.49 70 28.14 28.24 28.31 30.39 31.69 30.99 70 33.65 36.04 31.35 32.05 45.62 48.43 75 28.16 28.27 28.49 30.93 32.01 31.05 75 33.87 36.43 31.44 37.39 46.21 48.86 80 28.17 28.36 30.63 31.1 32.11 31.11 80 34.38 36.63 33.67 38.35 46.75 49.27 85 28.17 30.56 30.73 31.6 32.61 31.17 85 36.95 36.92 36.29 40.81 47.27 49.67 90 28.17 30.73 31.08 33.19 33.01 31.36 90 38.61 38.90 38.11 45.59 48.59 50.80 95 28.33 31.66 32.41 35.9 37.98 31.43 95 39.17 43.18 40.20 48.49 48.95 51.14 100 30.79 36.9 37.75 38.74 39.11 35.6 100 42.38 46.74 49.14 52.74 53.40 53.56 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 60

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 12.00 β=15 Pukul 12.00 β=30 x (cm) Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.50 27.07 27.18 27.07 27.07 26.85 0 27.33 27.35 27.33 27.38 27.38 27.38 5 27.54 27.07 27.28 27.06 27.06 28.44 5 28.20 27.80 28.19 27.82 27.81 27.82 10 27.48 27.64 27.71 27.44 27.45 31.36 10 28.48 28.23 28.48 28.21 28.19 28.19 15 27.60 27.82 27.68 27.55 27.56 32.50 15 28.96 28.53 28.93 28.49 28.42 29.08 20 27.81 27.80 27.77 28.04 27.95 32.01 20 29.02 29.06 29.00 28.87 29.01 29.57 25 27.91 27.90 27.87 28.19 27.96 32.38 25 29.24 29.11 29.39 28.93 29.43 30.09 30 28.36 28.09 28.05 28.21 28.40 33.16 30 29.39 29.28 29.70 29.19 30.61 30.67 35 28.34 28.29 28.27 28.24 29.13 33.54 35 29.71 29.42 29.94 29.33 31.70 31.06 40 28.45 28.44 28.63 28.46 32.99 34.29 40 29.94 29.72 32.09 29.73 33.65 31.87 45 28.34 28.33 29.65 28.73 36.73 34.65 45 32.00 29.95 33.46 30.01 34.47 33.62 50 30.57 30.44 30.67 29.23 37.53 35.68 50 33.28 32.03 33.44 31.25 37.73 34.09 55 30.44 30.52 32.46 30.64 39.65 39.04 55 33.33 33.33 33.54 32.07 38.12 34.14 60 30.64 30.76 33.62 30.67 40.34 39.50 60 33.55 33.34 33.82 33.20 38.52 35.14 65 30.90 31.02 35.40 31.02 41.62 40.28 65 33.93 33.49 34.03 33.23 38.97 35.62 70 31.12 31.07 40.51 32.06 43.21 43.31 70 34.17 33.87 34.13 33.70 39.05 36.55 75 33.07 34.69 41.59 34.59 44.09 44.20 75 34.35 34.10 34.12 35.18 39.81 37.00 80 34.62 37.19 42.69 37.64 44.89 44.80 80 34.36 34.18 34.29 36.85 40.19 37.88 85 37.29 37.44 43.94 40.46 45.10 45.41 85 34.20 33.31 34.49 39.01 41.73 38.29 90 37.53 39.02 44.12 41.28 45.30 46.12 90 34.23 38.00 33.70 40.87 42.45 42.01 95 37.63 42.22 45.22 47.33 45.49 47.40 95 34.08 38.12 41.33 41.80 43.74 45.13 100 38.99 44.44 46.60 51.36 48.05 49.66 100 35.37 40.68 41.68 44.86 44.28 45.54 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 61

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 12.00 β=45 Pukul 12.00 β=60 x (cm) Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.94 26.85 27.90 28.00 28.28 27.41 0 27.33 27.33 27.33 27.28 27.21 28.52 5 28.30 27.19 28.99 28.32 29.23 28.50 5 27.71 27.67 27.68 27.60 27.50 28.66 10 31.00 27.74 31.04 30.66 31.43 34.05 10 28.28 28.45 28.18 28.10 27.97 28.81 15 31.21 30.92 31.28 31.53 31.83 34.57 15 28.39 28.46 28.42 28.31 28.31 29.33 20 31.36 31.49 31.43 31.64 32.00 34.62 20 28.42 28.67 28.52 28.51 28.57 29.54 25 31.74 31.71 31.64 31.78 33.00 35.75 25 28.67 28.80 28.71 28.71 29.72 29.91 30 31.77 31.79 31.88 31.85 33.67 36.30 30 28.80 28.83 28.75 28.83 29.96 30.07 35 31.78 31.80 31.91 32.04 34.98 37.39 35 28.84 29.02 28.79 28.96 30.41 30.37 40 31.91 31.93 31.96 32.23 35.19 37.70 40 29.02 29.12 29.00 29.06 30.62 30.50 45 32.04 31.96 32.01 32.39 35.93 37.91 45 29.13 29.37 29.10 29.09 31.56 31.27 50 32.05 31.98 32.04 32.61 36.93 38.91 50 29.32 29.37 29.17 29.13 32.61 31.53 55 32.16 32.17 32.17 33.05 37.43 39.28 55 29.34 29.40 29.19 29.27 32.85 32.05 60 32.18 32.28 32.18 33.20 38.31 39.38 60 29.37 29.44 29.21 30.28 33.26 32.14 65 32.19 32.41 32.36 33.22 39.06 39.60 65 29.47 29.47 29.27 30.71 33.62 32.31 70 32.20 32.64 32.46 34.09 39.39 40.20 70 29.56 29.47 29.34 31.14 33.79 32.47 75 32.23 32.97 32.67 35.05 39.40 40.54 75 29.58 29.49 29.44 31.58 33.94 32.54 80 32.48 33.05 32.91 35.91 39.69 40.72 80 29.61 29.51 29.44 32.80 34.09 32.61 85 32.61 35.49 33.01 37.41 39.97 40.95 85 29.63 29.52 29.61 33.11 34.50 32.68 90 32.84 35.82 35.74 37.83 40.65 41.36 90 29.89 29.61 29.66 33.82 34.62 32.88 95 32.99 36.10 36.20 40.33 40.84 41.87 95 31.20 30.48 30.79 34.27 35.26 32.94 100 35.50 37.11 38.89 42.78 41.69 42.02 100 31.43 34.62 34.39 35.30 36.81 34.40 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 62

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 15.00 β=6 Pukul 15.00 β=15 x (cm) Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.25 27.25 27.25 27.25 27.28 27.60 0 26.94 27.01 26.93 26.93 26.94 28.55 5 27.48 27.48 27.48 27.48 27.54 28.07 5 26.94 27.16 26.93 26.96 26.94 28.76 10 27.71 27.71 27.70 27.71 27.81 28.64 10 27.08 27.18 27.11 27.07 27.08 28.89 15 27.85 27.84 27.84 27.85 27.97 28.96 15 27.16 27.20 27.18 27.11 27.12 28.97 20 28.09 28.09 28.08 28.10 28.29 29.57 20 27.23 27.23 27.19 27.21 27.24 29.15 25 28.20 28.20 28.19 28.21 28.46 29.87 25 27.24 27.30 27.22 27.25 27.25 29.28 30 28.33 28.50 28.30 28.40 28.81 30.44 30 27.30 27.37 27.29 27.29 27.38 29.53 35 28.36 28.51 28.34 28.47 28.99 30.72 35 27.33 27.38 27.32 27.32 27.64 29.66 40 28.43 28.52 28.39 28.51 29.39 31.25 40 27.47 27.42 27.37 27.40 28.31 30.01 45 28.50 28.61 28.48 28.72 29.59 31.50 45 27.52 28.06 27.45 27.43 29.05 30.36 50 28.51 28.65 28.57 28.76 30.76 33.07 50 28.07 28.20 27.46 27.45 30.34 31.53 55 28.53 28.67 28.59 28.82 32.29 35.00 55 28.13 28.24 28.01 28.08 31.43 32.60 60 28.61 28.68 28.63 28.83 32.56 35.23 60 28.24 28.28 28.04 28.16 31.81 32.90 65 28.65 28.70 28.66 28.95 33.04 35.66 65 28.37 28.42 28.18 28.30 32.32 33.31 70 28.66 28.76 28.70 29.26 33.45 36.04 70 28.39 29.11 28.22 28.36 32.62 33.55 75 28.67 29.36 28.74 30.19 33.80 36.20 75 28.99 29.64 28.24 28.44 33.13 33.96 80 28.68 32.68 28.81 32.14 33.96 36.51 80 29.43 30.36 28.25 28.58 34.40 35.24 85 28.70 33.21 29.62 32.48 34.39 36.93 85 30.29 30.37 28.27 29.27 34.87 35.71 90 28.76 33.64 33.09 33.91 34.53 37.07 90 30.37 30.43 28.54 31.61 35.06 35.89 95 29.34 33.88 34.13 35.98 36.02 38.86 95 30.43 30.93 29.15 32.82 35.24 36.05 100 32.73 40.37 42.92 44.40 44.90 49.56 100 31.98 37.82 40.03 43.36 42.17 42.87 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 63

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 15.00 β=30 Pukul 15.00 β=45 x (cm) Cover ( C) Cover ( C) x (cm) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.04 27.04 27.18 27.05 27.09 28.47 0 27.97 27.96 27.98 27.95 28.03 29.07 5 27.23 27.23 27.38 27.23 27.30 29.20 5 28.21 28.18 28.19 28.19 28.17 29.16 10 27.36 27.36 27.38 27.38 27.43 29.04 10 28.27 28.26 28.25 28.27 28.22 29.25 15 27.45 27.44 27.43 27.48 27.47 29.20 15 28.34 28.30 28.34 28.32 28.34 29.26 20 27.67 27.63 27.76 27.59 27.57 29.51 20 28.34 28.37 28.37 28.34 28.35 29.61 25 27.73 27.73 27.83 27.61 27.64 29.66 25 28.39 28.38 28.40 28.37 28.46 29.79 30 27.78 27.78 27.87 27.71 27.80 29.94 30 28.39 28.42 28.42 28.40 28.75 30.13 35 27.88 27.88 27.91 27.76 27.96 30.08 35 28.43 28.47 28.44 28.46 28.94 30.25 40 27.93 27.93 28.46 27.91 28.85 30.35 40 28.46 28.47 28.44 28.48 29.30 30.29 45 28.53 28.52 28.91 27.99 29.27 30.47 45 28.47 28.47 28.45 28.57 29.36 30.60 50 28.95 28.92 28.99 28.55 30.27 31.52 50 28.48 28.47 28.47 28.64 29.57 30.73 55 28.95 28.96 29.05 28.90 31.25 32.42 55 28.50 28.49 28.51 28.76 29.87 30.75 60 28.98 28.96 29.07 28.94 31.47 32.55 60 28.54 28.55 28.53 28.79 30.02 30.82 65 29.00 29.00 29.11 29.11 31.86 32.80 65 28.57 28.56 28.55 28.82 30.28 31.00 70 29.09 29.08 29.15 29.55 32.21 33.02 70 28.58 28.56 28.56 29.14 30.51 31.15 75 29.16 29.13 29.22 30.08 32.36 33.13 75 28.58 28.57 28.56 29.47 30.62 31.16 80 29.19 29.20 29.33 30.68 32.51 33.23 80 28.64 28.62 28.58 29.68 30.68 31.23 85 29.20 29.24 29.35 31.14 32.65 33.32 85 28.75 28.77 28.64 30.03 30.71 31.29 90 29.20 29.25 29.03 32.12 33.03 33.58 90 28.79 28.82 28.73 30.16 30.80 31.35 95 29.24 29.26 31.12 33.37 33.14 33.66 95 30.06 30.05 28.77 32.30 31.10 31.53 100 29.59 33.47 35.26 35.55 35.87 35.94 100 29.44 31.83 33.92 34.29 33.58 34.92 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 64

Lanjutan Lampiran 5. Pukul 15.00 β=60 x (cm) Cover ( C) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 27.02 27.01 27.01 27.00 27.02 27.72 5 27.13 27.24 27.11 27.12 27.14 27.74 10 27.23 27.33 27.21 27.25 27.32 27.86 15 27.24 27.41 27.24 27.49 27.33 28.07 20 27.29 27.45 27.51 27.52 27.44 28.16 25 27.35 27.47 27.55 27.56 27.54 28.33 30 27.39 27.51 27.62 27.73 27.98 28.40 35 27.45 27.55 27.65 27.75 28.09 28.54 40 27.45 27.62 27.71 27.81 28.31 28.61 45 27.53 27.65 27.71 28.31 28.41 29.02 50 27.54 27.69 27.72 28.51 28.77 29.17 55 27.62 27.70 27.73 28.70 29.67 29.47 60 27.63 27.70 27.74 28.89 29.87 29.57 65 27.68 27.71 27.83 29.45 29.96 29.65 70 27.73 27.72 27.84 29.61 30.04 29.69 75 27.73 27.79 27.97 29.97 30.13 29.73 80 27.73 27.80 28.69 30.36 30.36 29.78 85 27.80 27.89 29.50 31.32 30.44 29.90 90 27.92 28.46 30.40 31.51 30.79 29.94 95 28.45 29.41 31.26 31.69 31.06 30.20 100 28.94 31.78 35.26 34.15 34.25 32.57 *x = jarak dari inlet kolektor 65

Lampiran 6a Koordinat Titik Validasi Suhu Kolektor Cover 100%. Titik Suhu koordinat (β=6 ) koordinat (β=15 ) koordinat (β=30 ) koordinat (β=45 ) koordinat (β=60 ) x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z T2 0.15 0.061 0.87 0.15 0.08 0.879 0.15 0.116 0.893 0.15 0.133 0.938 0.15 0.189 0.944 T3 0.15 0.134 0.137 0.15 0.273 0.151 0.15 0.481 0.25 0.15 0.651 0.418 0.15 0.771 0.608 T4 0.15 0.041 0.876 0.15 0.058 0.875 0.15 0.097 0.885 0.15 0.114 0.925 0.15 0.178 0.926 T5 0.15 0.084 0.446 0.15 0.18 0.428 0.15 0.306 0.517 0.15 0.418 0.62 0.15 0.657 0.786 T6 0.15 0.117 0.135 0.15 0.253 0.151 0.15 0.462 0.25 0.15 0.631 0.409 0.15 0.748 0.602 Titik validasi diambil berdasarkan pembuatan simulasi di fluent. Dengan koordinat (0,0,0) yang terlihat pada Gambar 59a. Nilai x = 0.15 menunjukkan titik berada di tengah kolektor yang disebut dengan gambar potongan iso surface pada x = 0.15 yang terlihat pada Gambar 59b. Titik validasi kolektor cover 80% (T7, T8, T9, T10, T11), cover 60% (T12, T13, T14, T15, T16), cover 40% (T17, T18, T19, T20, T21), cover 20% (T22, T23, T24, T25, T26), dan cover 0% (T27, T28, T29, T30, T31) memiliki koordinat yang sama untuk setiap kemiringan kolektor. Iso Surface x = 0.15 a (0,0,0) b Gambar 59. Koordinat (0,0,0) pada Kolektor Kemiringan 30 o (a), Iso Surface x = 0.15 (b). 66

Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. Validasi Kolektor Surya Tipe Backpass. β =6 Validasi (pukul 08.00) Validasi (pukul 10.00) Validasi (pukul 12.15) Kolektor Titik suhu T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T2 30.28 31.34 3.38 67.94 67.49 0.67 58.22 58.45 0.4 T3 34.21 33.62 1.76 82.15 80.9 1.55 68.97 66.65 3.47 Cover 100% T4 29.9 29.13 2.65 45.02 45.48 1.03 44.76 45.38 1.37 T5 30.8 29.65 3.88 48.69 50.21 3.03 47.45 48.32 1.8 T6 31.53 29.87 5.56 56.03 56.25 0.39 52.84 52.09 1.44 T7 29.78 31.9 6.65 63.02 64.02 1.57 47.31 48.3 2.04 T8 34.55 34.6 0.14 83.4 80.04 4.2 68.6 68.06 0.79 Cover 80% T9 27.42 28.3 3.13 46.4 46.5 0.23 36.66 36.81 0.4 T10 28.55 29.6 3.52 47.83 49 2.39 41.98 43.56 3.61 T11 29.69 29.89 0.69 49.16 50.01 1.7 44.65 45.75 2.41 T12 29.39 31.36 6.28 63.96 63.77 0.31 52.15 53.06 1.72 T13 35.42 33.05 7.18 73.95 70.2 5.34 58.2 60.01 3.01 Cover 60% T14 27.3 27.68 1.37 37.33 36.32 2.78 39.32 43.38 9.36 T15 29.57 29.56 0.02 43.99 44.71 1.61 41.98 43.82 4.19 T16 30.02 30.26 0.77 47.32 48.06 1.55 44.65 45.03 0.85 T17 29.2 31.25 6.55 57.45 62.3 7.78 50.01 52.51 4.77 T18 34.49 34.13 1.06 72.11 73.31 1.63 58.01 58.7 1.17 Cover 40% T19 28.04 28.24 0.71 36.93 36.87 0.17 39.34 43.32 9.19 T20 28.04 28.52 1.68 39.86 39.27 1.5 43.77 43.06 1.65 T21 29.22 29.14 0.27 42.8 42.67 0.3 44.67 43.47 2.76 T22 29.53 27.52 7.29 55.26 56.32 1.89 52.99 50.26 5.43 T23 33.26 32.59 2.07 64.37 68.51 6.04 55.62 56.31 1.23 Cover 20% T24 26.85 27.4 2.01 40.07 38.76 3.4 39.87 42 5.07 T25 27.41 28.36 3.35 43.11 39.22 9.92 41.45 41.89 1.03 T26 28.53 28.89 1.24 46.15 42.38 8.89 42.5 42.08 0.98 T27 29.37 29.87 0.36 55.04 61.65 10.72 49.11 49.73 1.26 T28 30.16 31.83 1.18 61.52 65.98 6.76 52.47 51.34 2.18 Cover 0% T29 27.12 27.72 2.15 37.24 36.6 1.74 37.36 41.54 10.06 T30 27.93 28.93 3.44 40.47 39.81 1.67 42.39 41.79 1.45 T31 28.47 30.09 5.37 45.33 47.6 4.77 44.07 42.74 3.12 rata-rata 2.86 3.18 2.94 67

Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. β =15 Kolektor Titik suhu Validasi (pukul 10.00) Validasi (pukul 12.00) Validasi (pukul 14.00) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T2 62.4 60.44 3.24 66 65.9 0.16 46.75 47.83 2.24 T3 85.86 84.16 2.02 93.68 92.57 1.21 50.29 50.33 0.08 Cover 100% T4 43.88 41.82 4.93 41.72 40.03 4.23 43.6 39.44 10.55 T5 47.08 47.33 0.54 46.22 44.86 3.04 46.26 44.76 3.35 T6 56.12 56.85 1.28 54.01 53.18 1.57 51.41 47.82 7.51 T7 62.35 61.25 1.79 63.11 65.11 3.07 44.32 45.03 1.59 T8 82.84 81.13 2.11 92.49 89.84 2.94 51.54 48.75 5.71 Cover 80% T9 41.86 41.46 0.96 37.01 38.89 4.82 38.13 40.57 6.02 T10 43.79 43.06 1.68 43.03 44.15 2.53 43.99 44.84 1.91 T11 47.71 46.35 2.95 49.06 48.03 2.14 46.09 44.96 2.51 T12 56.59 59.31 4.58 59.64 60.4 1.26 42.77 43.65 0.62 T13 80.12 79.03 1.39 92.42 90.4 2.24 46.28 46.38 0.07 Cover 60% T14 38.94 37.59 3.59 39.96 38.48 3.87 34.88 35.73 2.39 T15 44.82 45.2 0.83 46.52 46.38 0.31 36.63 38.02 3.66 T16 47.77 46.3 3.16 48.09 48.85 1.55 39.1 38.38 1.88 T17 56.34 59.14 1.98 62.49 64.08 2.49 41.79 42.92 2.63 T18 79.59 81.16 1.11 91.65 89.93 1.92 49.58 49.02 1.15 Cover 40% T19 38.91 40.44 3.79 39.81 39.25 1.43 34.97 35.28 0.87 T20 44.72 45.45 1.61 41.07 40.87 0.49 37.9 36.88 2.75 T21 50.97 50.99 0.04 46.29 46.78 1.04 39.07 38.16 2.38 T22 39.45 40.63 2.9 42.96 39.94 7.56 39.54 37.65 5 T23 67.96 68.51 0.8 73.82 75.01 1.59 45.99 44 4.52 Cover 20% T24 38.8 42.56 8.85 36.7 39.75 7.68 35.85 32.77 9.39 T25 41.6 43.07 3.42 42.1 41.49 1.48 36.77 36.16 1.68 T26 44.39 43.67 1.66 43.98 42.58 3.28 39.06 37.12 5.21 T27 61.01 62.64 2.6 57.04 57.68 1.11 40.94 40.8 0.34 T28 66.85 66.95 0.16 62.8 61.1 2.78 42.39 40.61 4.37 Cover 0% T29 37.47 38.57 2.86 39.76 39.56 0.5 34.93 35.61 1.93 T30 41.89 45.74 8.43 44.64 47.72 6.47 36.31 37.83 4.01 T31 46.87 47.6 1.54 45.52 43.71 4.14 36.78 37.87 2.9 rata-rata 2.56 2.63 3.31 68

Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. Validasi (pukul 08.45) Validasi (pukul 10.15) Validasi (pukul 11.30) Kolektor Titik suhu T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T2 45.03 43.16 4.34 44.49 43.95 1.23 72.73 64.31 13.1 T3 55.12 52.81 4.39 61.31 58.15 5.44 92.08 84.06 9.54 Cover `100% T4 32.26 30.96 4.19 31.91 31.36 1.75 38.39 40.16 4.41 T5 34.39 32.67 5.27 34.44 33.46 2.94 45.81 43.07 6.35 T6 39.46 37.31 5.78 39.97 36.81 8.58 55.13 51.89 6.25 T7 39.58 41.57 4.79 43.64 43.35 0.67 56.19 61.45 8.57 T8 45.64 43.51 4.92 60.27 56.97 5.79 88.43 84.6 4.54 Cover 80% T9 33.52 30.48 9.97 33.66 32.75 2.78 37.37 38 1.64 T10 35.39 33.33 6.19 35.33 36.09 2.13 40.06 45 10.97 T11 36.55 35.76 2.2 40.31 38.24 5.43 45.44 50.73 10.43 T12 40.01 39.39 1.57 43.23 57.52 24.85 53.53 52.47 2.02 T13 54.02 54.13 0.2 60.88 81.77 25.55 85.82 82.16 4.45 Cover 60% T14 34 31.31 8.59 33.6 37.1 9.43 34.69 39.56 12.3 T15 36 35.07 2.66 35.21 41.17 14.47 40.07 49.23 18.6 T16 39.67 38.47 3.12 38.42 46.4 17.2 46.68 56.67 17.64 T17 41.4 43.31 4.41 43.03 36.78 16.97 54.09 52.61 2.82 T18 56.6 37.42 51.28 60.36 45.64 32.25 63.3 58.6 8.01 Cover 40% T19 31.9 32.21 0.95 33.58 33.69 0.35 35.68 38.36 6.97 T20 33.8 34.49 2.01 35.15 34.99 0.46 39.36 42.06 6.41 T21 35.7 38.16 6.45 36.73 37.66 2.48 41.21 46.48 11.34 T22 42.64 42.02 1.47 42.88 43.81 2.12 53.74 30.8 74.46 T23 55.28 49.22 12.31 56.87 50.11 13.5 70.04 70.38 0.49 Cover 20% T24 32.48 32.19 0.88 33.55 32.44 3.44 37.43 39.85 6.07 T25 32.68 32.7 0.06 35.11 34.28 2.41 39.04 40.6 3.86 T26 32.88 32.56 0.97 36.66 34.15 7.37 40.15 40.79 1.58 T27 37.82 43.78 13.6 41.99 43.78 4.09 55.61 56.69 1.9 T28 41.74 49.39 15.5 46.42 47.44 2.15 62.55 66.95 6.58 Cover 0% T29 31.96 34.63 7.71 34.22 33.64 1.73 36.17 38.57 6.24 T30 32.93 35.85 8.13 35.33 37.83 6.6 37.55 42.77 12.2 T31 34.89 35.93 2.89 36.44 38.85 6.2 40.33 46.63 13.5 rata-rata 6.56 7.68 9.77 β =30 69

Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. Validasi (pukul 09.00) Validasi (pukul 12.00) Validasi (pukul 13.30) Kolektor Titik suhu T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T2 56.26 53.49 5.19 64.45 61.93 4.08 67.67 57.95 16.77 T3 74.2 69.52 6.73 92.72 83.96 10.43 90.57 76.45 18.48 Cover 100% T4 34.44 36.86 6.57 43.7 43.3 0.93 40.05 40.53 1.17 T5 41.12 39.7 3.55 51.76 49.02 5.59 47.29 44.86 5.42 T6 49.31 43.85 12.44 64.59 54.67 18.15 57.83 50.2 15.19 T7 47.89 52.55 8.87 60.99 59.57 2.38 55.85 56.21 0.64 T8 67.19 68.26 1.56 82.49 83.7 1.45 82.78 79.74 3.81 Cover 80% T9 35.83 36.81 2.67 43.07 46.7 7.78 37.89 39.97 5.21 T10 40.65 40.98 0.81 50.24 55.24 9.06 43.88 45.73 4.06 T11 44.09 44.36 0.61 54.95 56.75 3.17 46.87 49.81 5.91 T12 46.49 54.35 14.47 60.69 59.9 1.31 55.57 57.33 3.06 T13 67.22 70.5 4.65 82.96 81.77 1.45 73.29 72.36 1.29 Cover 60% T14 35.83 37.3 3.94 39.44 40.34 2.23 40.81 41.13 0.78 T15 40.66 42.74 4.87 46.52 49.62 6.25 43.76 48.15 9.11 T16 46.08 45.81 0.59 54.8 55.3 0.91 48.87 52.37 6.69 T17 47.8 57.36 16.67 59.52 58.35 2 54.41 56.17 3.13 T18 59.79 64.81 7.75 69.64 72.58 4.05 66.61 67.19 0.87 Cover 40% T19 35.8 38.36 6.67 39.27 41.23 4.75 39.78 42.42 6.24 T20 38.2 40.47 5.61 42.65 43.16 1.18 42.22 44.55 5.24 T21 43.93 45.98 4.44 49.39 49.28 0.23 49.78 50.28 1 T22 46.76 50.26 6.96 50.65 55.83 3.66 53.32 46.49 4.83 T23 62.53 59.65 4.82 65.53 66.84 0.93 61.22 56.9 3.06 Cover 20% T24 35.5 35.38 0.36 37.46 39.05 4.07 34.97 34.66 0.91 T25 37.76 40.6 7.01 42.66 41.59 2.57 35.05 34.28 2.23 T26 40.01 41.88 4.48 42.87 41.98 2.1 37.84 34.54 9.54 T27 45.74 49.73 8.04 58.14 54.7 6.3 53.11 51.72 2.69 T28 50.56 48.42 4.43 62.42 62.08 0.56 58.14 60.12 3.29 Cover 0% T29 32.84 34.63 5.15 38.95 39.56 1.55 38.96 37.59 3.65 T30 36.53 37.83 3.45 39.29 43.77 10.23 40.99 41.79 1.91 T31 38.37 40.79 5.94 49.31 45.66 8 45.05 45.66 1.33 rata-rata 5.64 4.25 4.92 β =45 70

Lanjutan Lampiran 6b. β =60 Validasi (pukul 08.45) Validasi (pukul 12.30) Validasi (pukul 15.00) Kolektor Titik suhu T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T-CFD ( C) T-ukur ( C) Error (%) T2 46.11 40.68 13.37 44.41 43.36 2.43 46.26 44.05 5.02 T3 49.04 51.22 4.26 51.47 53.2 3.25 51.14 52.91 3.34 Cover 100% T4 33.03 32.6 1.33 38.53 36.07 6.83 37.33 35.18 6.13 T5 38.5 34.55 11.44 39.9 37.62 6.06 39.11 37.52 4.24 T6 45.52 37.01 23 42.26 40.18 5.17 41.02 39.79 3.11 T7 38.98 37.12 5 40.09 40.28 0.48 42.48 39.2 8.39 T8 42.96 41.33 3.94 44.76 43.01 4.08 44.65 42.52 5.02 Cover 80% T9 34.74 32.36 7.37 33.55 35.23 4.76 34.9 34.63 0.77 T10 35.53 34.84 1.96 37.91 37.81 0.26 37.07 37.32 0.67 T11 40.48 37.13 9.02 41.18 40.7 1.19 41.4 39.41 5.06 T12 39.81 39.88 0.19 39.93 43.45 8.1 41.29 42.16 2.07 T13 56.2 48.15 16.72 49.61 49.13 0.99 51.07 48.54 5.22 Cover 60% T14 33.03 32.98 0.16 31.33 35.24 11.1 35.58 36.32 2.03 T15 35.63 36.64 2.77 35.63 38.12 6.53 37.21 39.5 5.78 T16 40.48 37.79 7.12 38.86 38.77 0.22 39.66 40.24 1.44 T17 41.78 39.95 4.59 42.56 42.22 0.79 40.35 41.63 3.08 T18 46.34 47.01 1.41 50.82 48.38 5.05 47.55 48.38 1.7 Cover 40% T19 32.07 33.5 4.25 33.26 34.78 4.37 35.55 35.58 0.08 T20 32.66 35.09 6.92 35.33 35.79 1.28 37.15 37.48 0.88 T21 37.22 36.26 2.66 38.43 36.96 3.98 39.55 40.36 2.02 T22 40.3 36.76 9.63 40.12 38.15 5.17 38.08 37.16 2.5 T23 43.79 43.22 1.32 45.46 44.79 1.5 45.23 46.07 1.82 Cover 20% T24 33.06 33.28 0.66 33.84 30.97 9.28 35.45 33.93 4.48 T25 34.87 33.69 3.49 35.86 34.98 2.54 36.21 38.53 6.03 T26 35.05 33.95 3.23 37.87 36.63 3.41 39.22 39.31 0.23 T27 39.83 36.83 8.15 39.07 41.79 6.52 41.12 40.8 0.8 T28 42.57 39.64 7.4 44.87 45.49 1.36 43.81 43.54 0.63 Cover 0% T29 32.76 31.66 3.47 33.16 33.64 1.42 34.85 35.61 2.15 T30 33.65 32.89 2.32 36.87 36.84 0.08 36.64 37.83 3.15 T31 35.1 33.95 3.38 38.97 37.84 3 38.43 37.84 1.58 rata-rata 5.68 3.71 2.98 71

Lampiran 6c. Validasi Kolektor Surya pada Berbagai Kemiringan. Kolektor Cover 100% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T2 30.28 31.34 3.38 62.40 60.44 3.24 45.03 43.16 4.34 56.26 53.49 5.19 46.11 40.68 13.37 T3 34.21 33.62 1.76 85.86 84.16 2.02 55.12 52.81 4.39 74.20 69.52 6.73 49.04 51.22 4.26 T4 29.90 29.13 2.65 43.88 41.82 4.93 32.26 30.96 4.19 34.44 36.86 6.57 33.03 32.60 1.33 T5 30.80 29.65 3.88 47.08 47.33 0.54 34.39 32.67 5.27 41.12 39.70 3.55 38.50 34.55 11.44 T6 31.53 29.87 5.56 56.12 56.85 1.28 39.46 37.31 5.78 49.31 43.85 12.44 45.52 37.01 23.00 2 T2 67.94 67.49 0.67 66.00 65.90 0.16 44.49 43.95 1.23 64.45 61.93 4.08 44.41 43.36 2.43 T3 82.15 80.90 1.55 93.68 92.57 1.21 61.31 58.15 5.44 92.72 83.96 10.43 51.47 53.20 3.25 T4 45.02 45.48 1.03 41.72 40.03 4.23 31.91 31.36 1.75 43.70 43.30 0.93 38.53 36.07 6.83 T5 48.69 50.21 3.03 46.22 44.86 3.04 34.44 33.46 2.94 51.76 49.02 5.59 39.90 37.62 6.06 T6 56.03 56.25 0.39 54.01 53.18 1.57 39.97 36.81 8.58 64.59 54.67 18.15 42.26 40.18 5.17 3 T2 58.22 58.45 0.40 46.75 47.83 2.24 72.73 64.31 13.10 67.67 57.95 16.77 46.26 44.05 5.02 T3 68.97 66.65 3.47 50.29 50.33 0.08 92.08 84.06 9.54 90.57 76.45 18.48 51.14 52.91 3.34 T4 44.76 45.38 1.37 43.60 39.44 10.55 38.39 40.16 4.41 40.05 40.53 1.17 37.33 35.18 6.13 T5 47.45 48.32 1.80 46.26 44.76 3.35 45.81 43.07 6.35 47.29 44.86 5.42 39.11 37.52 4.24 T6 52.84 52.09 1.44 51.41 47.82 7.51 55.13 51.89 6.25 57.83 50.20 15.19 41.02 39.79 3.11 rata-rata 2.16 3.06 5.57 8.71 6.60 R 2 0.995 0.991 0.991 0.966 0.839 72

Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 80% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T7 29.78 31.90 6.65 62.35 61.25 1.79 39.58 41.57 4.79 47.89 52.55 8.87 38.98 37.12 5.00 T8 34.55 34.60 0.14 82.84 81.13 2.11 45.64 43.51 4.92 67.19 68.26 1.56 42.96 41.33 3.94 T9 27.42 28.30 3.13 41.86 41.46 0.96 33.52 30.48 9.97 35.83 36.81 2.67 34.74 32.36 7.37 T10 28.55 29.60 3.52 43.79 43.06 1.68 35.39 33.33 6.19 40.65 40.98 0.81 35.53 34.84 1.96 T11 29.69 29.89 0.69 47.71 46.35 2.95 36.55 35.76 2.20 44.09 44.36 0.61 40.48 37.13 9.02 2 T7 63.02 64.02 1.57 63.11 65.11 3.07 43.64 43.35 0.67 60.99 59.57 2.38 40.09 40.28 0.48 T8 83.40 80.04 4.20 92.49 89.84 2.94 60.27 56.97 5.79 82.49 83.70 1.45 44.76 43.01 4.08 T9 46.40 46.50 0.23 37.01 38.89 4.82 33.66 32.75 2.78 43.07 46.70 7.78 33.55 35.23 4.76 T10 47.83 49.00 2.39 43.03 44.15 2.53 35.33 36.09 2.13 50.24 55.24 9.06 37.91 37.81 0.26 T11 49.16 50.01 1.70 49.06 48.03 2.14 40.31 38.24 5.43 54.95 56.75 3.17 41.18 40.70 1.19 3 T7 47.31 48.30 2.04 44.32 45.03 1.59 56.19 61.45 8.57 55.85 56.21 0.64 42.48 39.20 8.39 T8 68.60 68.06 0.79 51.54 48.75 5.71 88.43 84.60 4.54 82.78 79.74 3.81 44.65 42.52 5.02 T9 36.66 36.81 0.40 38.13 40.57 6.02 37.37 38.00 1.64 37.89 39.97 5.21 34.90 34.63 0.77 T10 41.98 43.56 3.61 43.99 44.84 1.91 40.06 45.00 10.97 43.88 45.73 4.06 37.07 37.32 0.67 T11 44.65 45.75 2.41 46.09 44.96 2.51 45.44 50.73 10.43 46.87 49.81 5.91 41.40 39.41 5.06 rata-rata 2.23 2.85 5.40 3.87 3.87 R 2 0.996 0.991 0.953 0.981 0.855 73

Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 60% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T12 29.39 31.36 6.28 56.59 59.31 4.58 40.01 39.39 1.57 46.49 54.35 14.47 39.81 39.88 0.19 T13 35.42 33.05 7.18 80.12 79.03 1.39 54.02 54.13 0.20 67.22 70.50 4.65 56.20 48.15 16.72 T14 27.30 27.68 1.37 38.94 37.59 3.59 34.00 31.31 8.59 35.83 37.30 3.94 33.03 32.98 0.16 T15 29.57 29.56 0.02 44.82 45.20 0.83 36.00 35.07 2.66 40.66 42.74 4.87 35.63 36.64 2.77 T16 30.02 30.26 0.77 47.77 46.30 3.16 39.67 38.47 3.12 46.08 45.81 0.59 40.48 37.79 7.12 2 T12 63.96 63.77 0.31 59.64 60.40 1.26 43.23 57.52 24.85 60.69 59.90 1.31 39.93 43.45 8.10 T13 73.95 70.20 5.34 92.42 90.40 2.24 60.88 81.77 25.55 82.96 81.77 1.45 49.61 49.13 0.99 T14 37.33 36.32 2.78 39.96 38.48 3.87 33.60 37.10 9.43 39.44 40.34 2.23 31.33 35.24 11.10 T15 43.99 44.71 1.61 46.52 46.38 0.31 35.21 41.17 14.47 46.52 49.62 6.25 35.63 38.12 6.53 T16 47.32 48.06 1.55 48.09 48.85 1.55 38.42 46.40 17.20 54.80 55.30 0.91 38.86 38.77 0.22 3 T12 52.15 53.06 1.72 42.77 43.65 0.62 53.53 52.47 2.02 55.57 57.33 3.06 41.29 42.16 2.07 T13 58.20 60.01 3.01 46.28 46.38 0.07 85.82 82.16 4.45 73.29 72.36 1.29 51.07 48.54 5.22 T14 39.32 43.38 9.36 34.88 35.73 2.39 34.69 39.56 12.30 40.81 41.13 0.78 35.58 36.32 2.03 T15 41.98 43.82 4.19 36.63 38.02 3.66 40.07 49.23 18.60 43.76 48.15 9.11 37.21 39.50 5.78 T16 44.65 45.03 0.85 39.10 38.38 1.88 46.68 56.67 17.64 48.87 52.37 6.69 39.66 40.24 1.44 rata-rata 3.09 2.09 10.84 4.11 4.70 R 2 0.982 0.993 0.794 0.969 0.865 74

Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 40% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T17 29.20 31.25 6.55 56.34 59.14 1.98 41.40 43.31 4.41 47.80 57.36 16.67 41.78 39.95 4.59 T18 34.49 34.13 1.06 79.59 81.16 1.11 56.60 37.42 51.28 59.79 64.81 7.75 46.34 47.01 1.41 T19 28.04 28.24 0.71 38.91 40.44 3.79 31.90 32.21 0.95 35.80 38.36 6.67 32.07 33.50 4.25 T20 28.04 28.52 1.68 44.72 45.45 1.61 33.80 34.49 2.01 38.20 40.47 5.61 32.66 35.09 6.92 T21 29.22 29.14 0.27 50.97 50.99 0.04 35.70 38.16 6.45 43.93 45.98 4.44 37.22 36.26 2.66 2 T17 57.45 62.30 7.78 62.49 64.08 2.49 43.03 36.78 16.97 59.52 58.35 2.00 42.56 42.22 0.79 T18 72.11 73.31 1.63 91.65 89.93 1.92 60.36 45.64 32.25 69.64 72.58 4.05 50.82 48.38 5.05 T19 36.93 36.87 0.17 39.81 39.25 1.43 33.58 33.69 0.35 39.27 41.23 4.75 33.26 34.78 4.37 T20 39.86 39.27 1.50 41.07 40.87 0.49 35.15 34.99 0.46 42.65 43.16 1.18 35.33 35.79 1.28 T21 42.80 42.67 0.30 46.29 46.78 1.04 36.73 37.66 2.48 49.39 49.28 0.23 38.43 36.96 3.98 3 T17 50.01 52.51 4.77 41.79 42.92 2.63 54.09 52.61 2.82 54.41 56.17 3.13 40.35 41.63 3.08 T18 58.01 58.70 1.17 49.58 49.02 1.15 63.30 58.60 8.01 66.61 67.19 0.87 47.55 48.38 1.70 T19 39.34 43.32 9.19 34.97 35.28 0.87 35.68 38.36 6.97 39.78 42.42 6.24 35.55 35.58 0.08 T20 43.77 43.06 1.65 37.90 36.88 2.75 39.36 42.06 6.41 42.22 44.55 5.24 37.15 37.48 0.88 T21 44.67 43.47 2.76 39.07 38.16 2.38 41.21 46.48 11.34 49.78 50.28 1.00 39.55 40.36 2.02 rata-rata 2.75 1.71 10.21 4.65 2.87 R 2 0.984 0.994 0.773 0.946 0.946 75

Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 20% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T22 29.53 27.52 7.29 39.45 40.63 2.90 42.64 42.02 1.47 46.76 50.26 6.96 40.30 36.76 9.63 T23 33.26 32.59 2.07 67.96 68.51 0.80 55.28 49.22 12.31 62.53 59.65 4.82 43.79 43.22 1.32 T24 26.85 27.40 2.01 38.80 42.56 8.85 32.48 32.19 0.88 35.50 35.38 0.36 33.06 33.28 0.66 T25 27.41 28.36 3.35 41.60 43.07 3.42 32.68 32.70 0.06 37.76 40.60 7.01 34.87 33.69 3.49 T26 28.53 28.89 1.24 44.39 43.67 1.66 32.88 32.56 0.97 40.01 41.88 4.48 35.05 33.95 3.23 2 T22 55.26 56.32 1.89 42.96 39.94 7.56 42.88 43.81 2.12 50.65 55.83 3.66 40.12 38.15 5.17 T23 64.37 68.51 6.04 73.82 75.01 1.59 56.87 50.11 13.50 65.53 66.84 0.93 45.46 44.79 1.50 T24 40.07 38.76 3.40 36.70 39.75 7.68 33.55 32.44 3.44 37.46 39.05 4.07 33.84 30.97 9.28 T25 43.11 39.22 9.92 42.10 41.49 1.48 35.11 34.28 2.41 42.66 41.59 2.57 35.86 34.98 2.54 T26 46.15 42.38 8.89 43.98 42.58 3.28 36.66 34.15 7.37 42.87 41.98 2.10 37.87 36.63 3.41 3 T22 52.99 50.26 5.43 39.54 37.65 5.00 53.74 30.80 74.46 53.32 46.49 4.83 38.08 37.16 2.50 T23 55.62 56.31 1.23 45.99 44.00 4.52 70.04 70.38 0.49 61.22 56.90 3.06 45.23 46.07 1.82 T24 39.87 42.00 5.07 35.85 32.77 9.39 37.43 39.85 6.07 34.97 34.66 0.91 35.45 33.93 4.48 T25 41.45 41.89 1.03 36.77 36.16 1.68 39.04 40.60 3.86 35.05 34.28 2.23 36.21 38.53 6.03 T26 42.50 42.08 0.98 39.06 37.12 5.21 40.15 40.79 1.58 37.84 34.54 9.54 39.22 39.31 0.23 rata-rata 3.99 4.33 8.73 3.83 3.69 R 2 0.968 0.968 0.946 0.91 0.896 76

Lanjutan Lampiran 6c. Kolektor Cover 0% Data Titik Suhu Titik Suhu β =6 Titik Suhu β =15 Titik Suhu β =30 Titik Suhu β =45 Titik Suhu β =60 T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur Error T-CFD T-ukur APD T-CFD T-ukur Error 1 T27 29.37 29.87 0.36 61.01 62.64 2.60 37.82 43.78 13.60 45.74 49.73 8.04 39.83 36.83 8.15 T28 30.16 31.83 1.18 66.85 66.95 0.16 41.74 49.39 15.50 50.56 48.42 4.43 42.57 39.64 7.40 T29 27.12 27.72 2.15 37.47 38.57 2.86 31.96 34.63 7.71 32.84 34.63 5.15 32.76 31.66 3.47 T30 27.93 28.93 3.44 41.89 45.74 8.43 32.93 35.85 8.13 36.53 37.83 3.45 33.65 32.89 2.32 T31 28.47 30.09 5.37 46.87 47.60 1.54 34.89 35.93 2.89 38.37 40.79 5.94 35.10 33.95 3.38 2 T27 55.04 61.65 10.72 57.04 57.68 1.11 41.99 43.78 4.09 58.14 54.70 6.30 39.07 41.79 6.52 T28 61.52 65.98 6.76 62.80 61.10 2.78 46.42 47.44 2.15 62.42 62.08 0.56 44.87 45.49 1.36 T29 37.24 36.60 1.74 39.76 39.56 0.50 34.22 33.64 1.73 38.95 39.56 1.55 33.16 33.64 1.42 T30 40.47 39.81 1.67 44.64 47.72 6.47 35.33 37.83 6.60 39.29 43.77 10.23 36.87 36.84 0.08 T31 45.33 47.60 4.77 45.52 43.71 4.14 36.44 38.85 6.20 49.31 45.66 8.00 38.97 37.84 3.00 3 T27 49.11 49.73 1.26 40.94 40.80 0.34 55.61 56.69 1.90 53.11 51.72 2.69 41.12 40.80 0.80 T28 52.47 51.34 2.18 42.39 40.61 4.37 62.55 66.95 6.58 58.14 60.12 3.29 43.81 43.54 0.63 T29 37.36 41.54 10.06 34.93 35.61 1.93 36.17 38.57 6.24 38.96 37.59 3.65 34.85 35.61 2.15 T30 42.39 41.79 1.45 36.31 37.83 4.01 37.55 42.77 12.20 40.99 41.79 1.91 36.64 37.83 3.15 T31 44.07 42.74 3.12 36.78 37.87 2.90 40.33 46.63 13.50 45.05 45.66 1.33 38.43 37.84 1.58 rata-rata 3.75 2.94 7.27 4.43 3.03 R 2 0.966 0.975 0.935 0.929 0.863 77

Lampiran 7. Validasi Laju Aliran Massa Kolektor Surya Tipe Backpass. β=6 11 April 2012, pukul 08.00 WIB 11 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB 11 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) cover 100% 0.002455564 0.00181 35.67 0.003260184 0.0039 16.41 0.003099771 0.00348 10.93 cover 80% 0.002104428 0.00182 15.63 0.0033895 0.0034 0.31 0.002990101 0.00285 4.92 cover 60% 0.003037489 0.0019 59.87 0.002982332 0.0032 6.8 0.002910779 0.0028 3.96 cover 40% 0.001912341 0.00164 16.61 0.002711217 0.0026 4.28 0.002528941 0.00256 1.21 cover 20% 0.002313318 0.00157 47.35 0.002313318 0.00256 9.64 0.002474957 0.00236 4.87 cover 0% 0.003095568 0.00186 66.43 0.002992326 0.00317 5.6 0.002490418 0.00246 1.24 rata-rata 40.26 7.173333 4.521667 β=15 4 April 2012, pukul 10.00 WIB 4 April 2012, pukul 12.00 WIB 4 April 2012, pukul 14.00 WIB m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) m-cfd (kg/s) m-ukur (kg/s) Error (%) cover 100% 0.006643605 0.00564 17.79 0.007512418 0.00547 37.34 0.005707612 0.00503 13.47 cover 80% 0.0063842 0.00395 61.63 0.006511295 0.00469 38.83 0.005555631 0.00453 22.64 cover 60% 0.00628535 0.0039 61.16 0.005809256 0.0048 21.03 0.005480897 0.003 82.7 cover 40% 0.006473658 0.00482 34.31 0.005945478 0.00447 33.01 0.005500896 0.0029 89.69 cover 20% 0.006190586 0.00331 87.03 0.00616548 0.00357 72.7 0.005005953 0.00253 97.86 cover 0% 0.005946256 0.00421 41.24 0.006007535 0.00384 56.45 0.005449076 0.0028 94.61 rata-rata 50.52667 43.22667 66.82833 78