CHAPTER 18 STANDAR COSTING: SETTING STANDARDS AND ANALYZING VARIANCES

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-1 CHAPTER 18 STANDAR COSTING: SETTING S AND ANALYZING VARIANCES Standard cost: Biaya untuk membuat satu unit produk pada periode tertentu yang sudah ditetapkan. Meliputi: standar fisik (jumlah input standar untuk satu unit output) dan standar harga (harga/tariff standar per unit input). Standard cost digunakan untuk: 1. Membuat budget 2. Mengontrol cost dan mengukur efisiensi 3. Memudahkan prosedur penetapan biaya dan pembuatan lapan biaya 4. Menetapkan cost material, WIP, dan finished good 5. Menetapkan harga penawaran dan harga jual. Ilustrasi: WILTON MANUFACTURING CORPORATION DATE OF Juli 1, 20A COST CARD FOR PRODUCT: PAXEL DIRECT MATERIALS DEPARTMENT TOTAL COST PART QUNTITY UNIT PRICE CUTTING MOLDING ASSEMBLY 1-34 4 $6.25 $25.00 1-71 6 3.75 22.50 2-05 10 2.45 $24.50 3-89 2 7.50 $15.00 $87.00 DIRECT LABOR OPERATION HOURS RATE/HOUR 1-11 3/4 $13 $9.75 1-19 1/4 13 3.25 2-14 1/2 10 $5.00 3-25 1/3 12 $4.00 22.00 FACTORY OVERHEAD OPERA TION ALLOCATION BASIS QUANTITY RATE 1-11 Machine hours 1 1/2 $15.60 $23.40 1-19 Machine hours 2 1/2 15.60 39.00 2-14 Processing time 1 1/2 18.50 $27.75 3-25 Lab hours 1/3 15.00 $5.00 95.15 TOTAL MANUFACTURING COST PER UNIT $204.15 Unit selesai WIP, beginning (1/2 material, 1/3 conversion cost) WIP, ending (100% material, 2/3 conversion cost) 4.200 unit 864 unit 900 unit s Conversion cost Unit started and completed (4.200 864) 3.336 3.336 To complete WIP, beginning (M:1/2 x 864, CC: 2/3 x 864) 432 576 WIP, ending (M:100% x 900, CC: 2/3 x 900) 900 600 Equvalent unit of production (FIFO) 4.668 4.512

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-2 Untuk material 3-89: Actual quantity purchased Actual quantity used Standard quantity allowed (4.668 x 2) Actual price Actual hours wked Standard hours allowed (4.512 x 1/3) Actual lab rate 10.000 unit 9.500 unit 9.336 unit $7,44 per unit 1.632 jam 1.504 jam $12.5 per jam s purchase price s price usage s inventy s quantity (usage) actual quantity purchased (actual price standard price) actual quantity used (actual price standard price) standard price (actual quantity purchased actual quantity used) standard price (actual quantity used standard quantity allowed) positif: un positif: un s purchase price 10.000 ($7,44 - $7,50) $(600) s price usage 9.500 ($7,44 - $7,50) $(570) s inventy $7,50 (10.000 9.500) $3.750 un s quantity (usage) var $7,50 (9.500 9.336) $1.230 un Lab Lab rate Lab efficiency actual hours wked (actual rate standard rate) standard rate (actual hours wked standard hours wked) Lab rate 1.632 ($12,5 - $12,00) $816 un Lab efficiency $12,00 (1.632 1.504) $1.536 un Facty Overhead Data: FOH standar Departemen Assembly untuk kapasitas 100% (kapasitas nmal) adalah sebagai berikut: Variabel FOH $4.800 / 1.600 DLH $3 / DLH Fixed FOH $19.200 / 1.600 DLH 12 / DLH Total FOH $24.000 / 1.600 DLH 15 / DLH Actual FOH $24.422 Standard hours allowed f production (4.512 x 1/3 standar lab hour per unit) 1.504 Actual direct lab hours used 1.632

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-3 Overall (net) FOH actual FOH FOH chargeable to WIP standar Actual FOH $24.422 FOH chargeable to WIP standard (1.504 standard hours allowed x $15 standard overhead rate) 22.560 Overall (net) FOH $1.862 Un Two-Variance Method Controllable Actual FOH - Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed o Merupakan selisih FOH actual dengan budget allowance untuk output actual. o Tanggung jawab manajer departemen. o Penyebab: 1) perbedaan actual variable FOH dan standar; 2) perbedaan actual fixed FOH dan standar. Actual FOH $24.422 Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed: Variable (1.504 standard hours allowed x $3 var FOH rate) Budgeted fixed FOH $4.512 19.200 23.712 Controllable $710 un Volume Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed - FOH chargeable to WIP at standard o Menyatakan kapasitas yang tidak digunakan o Tanggung jawab manajer departemen apabila disebabkan oleh inefisiensi pabrik, tanggung jawab manajer eksekutif apabila disebabkan penjualan turun sehingga produksi dikurangi. Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed $23.712 FOH chargeable to WIP at standard (1.504 standard hours allowed x $15 standard FOH rate) 22.560 Volume $1.152 un Budget fixed FOH $19.200 Fixed FOH chargeable to production based on the standard hours allowed (1.504 standard hours allowed x $12 fixed FOH rate) 18.048 Volume $1.152 un Budget fixed FOH $19.200 Fixed FOH chargeable to production based on the standard hours allowed (1.504 standard hours allowed x $12 fixed FOH rate) 18.048 Volume $1.152 un Number of lab hours used to compute the FOH rate (nmal cpcty) 1.600 Standard hours allowed f actual production 1.504 Capacity hours not utilized, not used efficiently 96 Fixed FOH rate $12

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-4 Volume Controllable Volume Overall FOH $710 un 1.152 un $1.862 un $1.152 un Three-Variance Method Controllable diuraikan menjadi spending dan variable efficiency. Spending Actual FOH - Budget allowance based on actual hours Actual FOH $24.422 Budget allowance based on actual hours allowed: Variable (1.632 actual lab hours x $3 var FOH rate) Budgeted fixed FOH $4.896 19.200 24.096 Spending $326 un Variable efficiency Budget allowance based on actual hours - Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed Budget allowance based on actual lab hours $24.096 Budget allowance based on standard hours allowed 23.712 Variable efficiency $384 un Actual hours wked 1.632 Standard hours allowed f actual units produced 1.504 Excess of actual hours over standard hours allowed 128 Variable FOH rate $3 Variable efficiency $384 un Spending Variable Volume Overall FOH $326 un 384 un 1.152 un $1.862 un Four-Variance Method o Volume diuraikan menjadi fixed efficiency dan idle capacity o Fixed efficiency var: selisih antara pembebanan fixed FOH berdasarkan jam actual dan jam standar o Idle capacity var: selisih pembebanan fixed FOH berdasarkan jam actual dan jam nmal Actual hours (1.632) x Fixed FOH rate ($12) $19.584 Standard hours allowed (1.504) x Fixed FOH rate ($12) 18.048 Fixed efficiency $1.536 un Actual hours wked 1.632 Standard hours allowed f actual units produced 1.504 Excess of actual hours over standard hours allowed 128 Variable FOH rate $12

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-5 Fixed efficiency $1.536 un Budget allowance based on actual hours allowed: $24.096 Actual hours (1.632) x FOH rate ($15) 24.480 Idle capacity $(384) Budget fixed FOH $19.200 Actual hours (1.632) x fixed FOH rate ($12) 19.584 Idle capacity $(384) Budgeted capacity 1.600 Actual lab hours 1.632 Kelebihan 32 Fixed FOH rate x$12 Idle capacity $(384) Spending Variable efficiency Fixed efficiency Idle capacity Overall FOH $326 un 384 un 1.536) un (384) $1.862 un Alternative Three-Variance Method Variable efficiency dan fixed efficiency digabung menjadi efficiency Actual hours (1.632) x FOH rate ($15) $24.480 FOH chargeable at standar (1.504) x FOH rate ($15) 22.560 Efficiency $1.920 Un Actual lab hours 1.632 Standard hours allowed 1.504 Kelebihan 128 FOH rate x$15 Efficiency $1.920 Un Spending Idle capacity Efficiecy Overall FOH $326 un (384) 1.920 un $1.862 un

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-6 Mix and Yield Variances o Pada produk yang memerlukan > 1 macam material o Mix : timbul karena komposisi material yang digunakan berbeda dengan komposisi standar o Yield : output actual berbeda dengan output menurut standar input. Ilustrasi: Standar produk dan cost untuk menghasilkan 1.000 pounds chewing gum adalah sebagai berikut: (Pounds) x Unit Cost per Pound = Amount A 800 $0,25 $200 B 200 0,40 80 C 200 0,10 20 Input 1.200 $300 ($300 / 1.200 lbs = $0,25 per lb) Output 1.000 $300 ($300 / 1.000 lbs = $0,30 per lb) Output = 1.000 / 1.200 input = 5 / 6 input Catatan material menunjukkan: Purchase s Beg. Inv. Pounds Unit price available Ending inv. used A 10.000 162.000 $0,24 172.000 15.000 157.000 B 12.000 30.000 0,42 42.000 4.000 38.000 C 15.000 32.000 0,11 47.000 11.000 36.000 Price Actual Actual Unit Cost Standard Unit Cost Cost Variation Price Variance A 162.000 $0,24 $0,25 $(0,01) $(1.620) Favable B 30.000 0,42 0,40 0,02 15.200 Un C 32.000 0,11 0,10 0,01 3.600 Un Net materials purchase price variace $(700) Favable Mix Used Standard Unit Cost Total Cost A 157.000 $0,25 $39.250 B 38.000 0,40 15.200 C 36.000 0,10 3.600 $58.050 231.000 Actual quantity at weighted average standards material cost f input (231.000 lbs x $0,25) 57.750 s mix $300 Un

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-7 Yield Actual input quantity at weighted average standards material cost f input (231.000 lbs x $0,25) $57.750 Actual output quantity at standard materials cost f output (200.000 lbs x $0,30) 60.000 s yield $(2.250) Favable s quantity s mix $300 Un s yield $(2.250) Favable s quantity $(1.950) Favable Materil quantity dapat dihitung per material Menghitung Standard quantity allowed Output = 5/6 input Output 200 lbs memerlukan input standar: 6/5 x 200 lbs = 240 lbs Input A standar: 800/1.200 x 240 lbs = 160.000 lbs Input B standar: 200/1.200 x 240 lbs = 40.000 lbs Input C standar: 200/1.200 x 240 lbs = 40.000 lbs quantity = standar unit cost (actual quantity used standard quantity allowed) Actual Used Standard quantity Allowed Selisih Standard Unit Cost s Variance A 157.000 160.000 (3.000) $0,25 $(750) Favable B 38.000 40.000 (2.000) 0,40 (800) Favable C 36.000 40.000 (4.000) 0,10 (400) Favable Total materials quantity $(1.950) Favable P18-1 Variance Analysis: s, Lab, and FOH Puray Co. menghasilkan satu produk dengan standar cost sebagai berikut: Direct materials: 20 yards at $1,35 per yard $27 Direct lab: 4 jam at $9 per jam 36 FOH: 4 DLH at $7.50 per jam; ratio variable: fixed adalah 2:1 30 Total standar cost per unit output $93 Standar cost berdasarkan kapasitas nmal 2.400 jam. Infmasi untuk bulan Juli: Unit yang diproduksi 500 Pembelian direct material:18.000 yards dengan harga$1,38 per yard $24.840 Direct material yang digunakan: 9.500 yards Direct lab: 2.100 jam dengan tariff $9,15 per jam 19.215 FOH aktual 16.650 Diminta: 1. Hitung tariff variable FOH per DLH dan total fixed FOH berdasarkan kapasitas nmal. 2. Hitung varians-varians berikut dan tentukan menguntungkan atau tidak. a. s purchase price dan quantity. b. Lab rate dan efficiency c. FOH controllable dan volume.

Cost Accounting 13 th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 18 Standar Costing.... Hal 18-8 d. FOH empat s P18-3 Equivalent Production and Standard Cost Variance Analysis. Withers Co. menggunakan standard process costing pada departemen produksi. A diberikan pada awal proses dan material B diberikan ketika biaya konversi sudah mencapai 90%. Pemeriksaan dilakukan pada akhir proses dan seluruh unit yang rusak dianggap abnmal. Standar cost unit yang rusak dibebankan pada akun expense periode berjalan. Kapasitas nmal 7.800 DLH per bulan. Standar cost per unit adalah: A: 4 galon dengan harga $1,20 $4,80 B: 2 square feet dengan harga $0,70 1,40 Direct lab: 1 jam dengan tariff $11,50 11,50 Variabel FOH: 1 jam dengan tariff $1,80 1,80 Fixed FOH: 1 jam dengan tariff $5,00 5,00 Total $24,50 Data tambahan: a. WIP awal 3.000 unit (biaya konversi 331/3%) b. Unit yang mulai diproses 11.000 unit c. Unit yang selesai selama satu bulan 8.000 unit d. WIP akhir 5.000 unit (biaya konversi 40%) e. Biaya actual: A yang digunakan 50.000 galon dengan harga $1,00 B yang digunakan 18.000 sq. ft. dengan harga $0,75 Direct lab 10.200 jam dengan tariff $12,00 FOH $60.100 Diminta: 1. Hitung equivalent unit untuk A, B, dan conversion cost. 2. Hitung materials price usage dan quantity s untuk masing-masing material, lab rate dan efisiensi s, FOH controllable dan volume s atau un. 3. Hitung FOH empat s.