KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan

Transkripsi

1 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan Dari hasil penelitian dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan, antara lain: 1. Secara spasial salinitas mengalami peningkatan mulai dari stasiun yang dekat dengan aliran Sungai Berau menuju ke stasiun yang paling jauh dari aliran Sungai Berau. Konsentrasi TSS dan nitrat justru memiliki kecenderungan semakin menurun menuju stasiun yang jauh dari daratan. Sementara itu kadar ortofosfat lebih tinggi di Pulau Maratua dan Pulau Derawan. 2. Berdasarkan citra Landsat ETM tahun 2001 sebaran sedimen dari muara Sungai Berau di perairan Kepulauan Derawan mencapai Pualu Panjang dan Pulau Derawan, bahkan dengan konsentrasi yang relatif rendah mencapai Pulau Sangalaki. Sedimen dari Sungai Berau tidak terdistribusi hingga Pulau Maratua yang merupakan stasiun terluar dari penelitian ini. 3. Terdapat perbedaan persentase penutupan karang batu diantara masing-masing stasiun penelitian yang dibandingkan, kecuali perbandingan antara Stasiun 2 dengan Stasiun Bentuk pertumbuhan karang batu pada daerah dekat muara Sungai Berau memiliki karakteristik yang dipengaruhi sedimen, sementara pada daerah yang jauh ke arah laut, bentuk pertumbuhan karang batu lebih teradaptasi terhadap energi mekanik yang ditimbulkan arus dan gelombang. 5. Laju sedimentasi paling tinggi terjadi di daerah yang dekat dengan muara Sungai Berau. Selain jarak terhadap sumber, arus diduga merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap penyebaran sedimen dan laju sedimentasi. Sedimentasi lebih berpengaruh terhadap kekayaan jenis daripada persentase penutupan karang batu.

2 Saran Setelah dilakukan penelitian ini terdapat beberapa ide yang disarankan untuk dilakukan, yaitu: 1. Penelitian lanjutan mengenai pengaruh sedimen terhadap perubahan struktur komunitas karang akibat sedimentasi. Akan tetapi hal ini membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama 2. Kajian terhadap kompetisi karang batu dengan organisme lain di dalam ekosistem terumbu karang yang terekspos oleh sedimen 3. Studi mengenai pengaruh sedimen terhadap karang batu melalui pendekatan biologis 4. Dalam pengelolaan, adanya treatment yang serupa dengan Pulau Sangalaki terhadap daerah terumbu karang yang lain sehingga akan memperbanyak jumlah area karang dengan penutupan yang sangat tinggi. 71

3 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Aceret TL, Sammarco PW, Coll JC Toxic Effect of Alcyonacean Deterpens on Sclerectinian Corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology (188): Baghdasarian G, and Muscatine L Prefertial Expultion of Dividing Algal Cell As A Mechanism For Regulating Algal Cnidarian Symbiosis. Biol. Bull. (1998): Barnes DJ, Lough JM Porites Growth Characteristics In A Changed Environment: Misima Island, Papua New Guinea. Coral Reef (18): Bearman G Waves, Tides, And Shallow Water Processes. Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, And Butterworth-Heinemann. England. Bengen DG Sinopsis Teknik Pengambilan Contoh Dan Analisis Data Biofisik Sumberdaya Pesisir. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir Dan Lautan. Fakultas Perikanan Dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jakarta. Burke L, Elisabeth S, Spalding M Terumbu Karang Yang Terancam Di Asia Tenggara Diterjemahkan Dari Reef Of Risk In South East Asia. World Resources Institute. Washington DC.USA. Cervino JM, Hayes RL, Honovich M, Goreau TJ, Jones S, Rubec PJ Changes In Zooxanthellae Density, Morphology, And Mytotic Index In Hermatypic Corals And Anemones Exposed To Cyanide. Marine Pollution Bulletin (46): Clark, Jhon R Coastal Management (Hand Book). Lewis Publisher. Boca Raton, New York, London, Yokyo. Connel DW, Hawker DW (Ed). Pollution In Tropical Aquatic System. CRC Press, Inc. London. Cornish AS and DiDonato EM Resurvey Of A Reef Flat In American Samoa After 85 Years Reveals Devastation To A Soft Coral (Alcyonacea) Community. Marine Pollution Bulletin (In Press). Dahuri R Keanekaragaman Hayati Laut: Aset Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Indonesia. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.xxxiii halaman. Davis RA Jr An Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Depositional System. New York: Prencite Hall-Englewood Cliffs.

4 Dyer KR Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. New York: John Wiley dan Sons Ltd,. English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institut of Marine Science. Townsville. p Fabricius KE Efect of Terestrial Runoff On The Ecology of Coral and Coral Reef: Review and Synhesis. Elsevier Ltd. All right reserved. Australia. Febricius KE, Wild C, Wolanski E, Abele D Effect of Transparent Exopolymer Particles And Muddy Sediments On The Survival of Hard Coral Recruits. Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science (57): Hallock P, Barnes K, Fisher EM Coral Reef Risk Assessment From Satelites To Molecules: A Multiscale Approach To Environmental Monitoring And Risk Assessment of Coral Reef. Environmental Micropaleontology, Microbiology and Meiobenthology. University of South Florida. USA. p Hubbard DK Reef as Dynamic System. Edited by Charles Brikeland. Life and Death of Coral Reef. Champman and Hall. USA. p Kountur, R Statistik Praktis. Pengolahan Data Untuk Penyusunan Skripsi Dan Tesis. PPM. Jakarta Pusat. Krebs CJ Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Harper and Row Publisher. New York. 694 p. Ludwig JA, Reynold JF Statistical Ekology. A Primer On Methods And Computing. John Wiley and Sons. USA. MacDonald IA, Perry CT Biological Degradation Of Coral Framework In Turbid Lagoon Environmrnt, Discovery Bay, North Jamaica. Coral Reefs (22): Mapstone GM Reef Coral and Sponges of Indonesia: A Vedeo-Based Learning Module. Division of Marine Science. United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Netherlands. McLaughlin CJ, Smith CA, Buddermeier BA, Bartley JD, Maxwell BA River, Runoff, And Reef. Global And Planetary Change (39): Nybakken JW Marine Biology An Ecological Approach. Third Edition. Harper Collins College Publisher. USA. Odum EP Fundamentals of Ecology. WB Sounders Co. Philadelphia. 73

5 Philip E and Katharina F Photophysiological Stress In Sclerectinian Corals In Response To Short Term Sedimentation. Jurnal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (287): Riegl, B, C Heine, GM Branch Function Of Funnel-shaped Coral Growth In A High Sedimentation Environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series (145): Roger CS Responses Of Coral Reef And Reef Organism To Sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series (62): Salvat B Human Impacts On Coral Reef: Facts And Recomendation. Impacts Des Activities Humaines Sur Les Recifs Coralliens: Connaissances Et Recomendatuions. Antene de Tahiti Museum E.P.H.E. B.P Papetoai, Moorea, Polynese Francaise. Sorokin YI Coral Reef Ecology. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Germany. Stafford-Smith MG Sediment Rejection Efficiency Of 22 Species Of Australian Sclerectinian Corals. Marine Biology (115): Suharsono Jenis-jenis Karang yang Umum Dijumpai di Perairan Indonesia. P3O- LIPI. Jakarta. p Sumich JL An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. Fifth Edition. Wm.C.Brown Publisher. USA. Susanto HA Study Kelayakan Pengembangan Perikanan Ramah Lingkungan di Pulau Derawan. The Nature Conservancy, East Kalimantan Portfolio. Indonesia. Sya rani L Karang : Determinasi Genus. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang. Szamant AM Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reef: Is It A Major Couse of Coral Reef Decline?. Estuarine Research Federation. North Carolina. p Tomascik T, Mah AJ, Nontji A, Moosa MK The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas: Part One. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd. Singapore. Turak E Coral Biodiversity and Reef Status. For The Nature Conservancy East Kalimantan. Veron, JEN Corals In Space And Time. The Biogeography And Evolution Of The Sclerectinia. UNSW Press. Sidney. Veron, JEN Corals of Australian and Indopacific. Angus and Robertson. Australia 74

6 Walpole, RE Pengantar Statistika. Edisi Ke-3. Alih Bahasa Oleh B. Sumantri. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta Wesseling I, Uychiaoco AJ, Alino PM, Aurin T, Vermaat JE Damage And Recovery Of Four Philippine Corals From Short-Term Sediment Burial. Marine Ecology Progress Series (176): Wielgus, J., D. Glassom, L. Fishelson Long-term Persistence of Low Coral Cover And Abundance On A Disturbed Coral Reef In The Nothern Red Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology (297): Wibisono, MS Pengantar Ilmu Kelautan. PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. Jakarta Wiryawan B, Stanley SA, Yulianto I, Susanto HA Profil Kepulauan Derawan, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Kerjasama The Nature Conservancy dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Berau, Tanjung Redeb- Kalimantan Timur. Indonesia. 71 pp. 75

7 LAMPIRAN 76

8 Lampiran 1. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang batu (English et al. 1994) 77

9 Lampiran 1. Lanjutan 78

10 Lampiran 1. Lanjutan 79

11 Lampiran 2. Peta TSM hasil interpretasi citra Sea Wifs (Sumber: TNC) 80

12 Lampiran 2. Lanjutan 81

13 Lampiran 3. Hasil analisis Gradistat Stasiun 1 SAMPLE IDENTITY: TEXTURAL GROUP: SEDIMENT NAME: P Panjang1 Muddy Sand Fine Silty Fine Sand Gravel Gravel Gravel: Sand: 87.9% Mud: 12.1% Very Coarse 80% Coarse Gravel: Medium Gravel: Fine Gravel: Gravel % Muddy Gravel Muddy Sandy Gravel Sandy Gravel Very Fine Gravel: Very Coarse Sand: Coarse Sand: Medium Fine Sand: 7.3% 18.5% 27.9% 3 Very Fine Very Coarse Silt: 4.2% 2.5% Coarse Silt: 0.5% 30% Medium Silt: 1.4% Gravelly Mud Gravelly Muddy Sand Gravelly Sand Fine Silt: Very Fine Silt: Clay: 7.6% Mud Trace 5% Slightly Gravelly Mud Slightly Gravelly Sandy Mud Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand Mud Sandy Mud Muddy Sand 1:9 1:1 9:1 Sand:Mud Ratio Slightly Gravelly Sand Sand Sand Stasiun 2 SAMPLE IDENTITY: TEXTURAL GROUP: SEDIMENT NAME: P Derawan Sand Poorly Sorted Fine Sand Gravel Gravel Gravel: Sand: 9 Mud: 1 Very Coarse 80% Coarse Gravel: Medium Gravel: Fine Gravel: Gravel % Muddy Gravel Muddy Sandy Gravel Sandy Gravel Very Fine Gravel: Very Coarse Sand: Coarse Sand: Medium Fine Sand: 6.1% 15.8% 27.2% 36.8% Very Fine Very Coarse Silt: 4.1% 2.4% Coarse Silt: 1.3% 30% Medium Silt: 2.5% Gravelly Mud Gravelly Muddy Sand Gravelly Sand Fine Silt: Very Fine Silt: Clay: 3.7% Mud Trace 5% Slightly Gravelly Mud Slightly Gravelly Sandy Mud Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand Mud Sandy Mud Muddy Sand 1:9 1:1 9:1 Sand:Mud Ratio Slightly Gravelly Sand Sand Sand 82

14 Lampiran 3. Lanjutan Stasiun 3 SAMPLE IDENTITY: TEXTURAL GROUP: SEDIMENT NAME: P Sangalaki Sand Poorly Sorted Medium Sand Gravel Gravel Gravel: Sand: 91.3% Mud: 8.7% Very Coarse 80% Coarse Gravel: Medium Gravel: Fine Gravel: Gravel % Muddy Gravel Muddy Sandy Gravel Sandy Gravel Very Fine Gravel: Very Coarse Sand: Coarse Sand: Medium Fine Sand: 5.0% 16.2% 35.1% 33.6% Very Fine Very Coarse Silt: 1.4% 1.9% Coarse Silt: 1.2% 30% Medium Silt: 0.5% Gravelly Mud Gravelly Muddy Sand Gravelly Sand Fine Silt: Very Fine Silt: Clay: 5.1% Mud Trace 5% Slightly Gravelly Mud Slightly Gravelly Sandy Mud Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand Mud Sandy Mud Muddy Sand 1:9 1:1 9:1 Sand:Mud Ratio Slightly Gravelly Sand Sand Sand Stasiun 4 SAMPLE IDENTITY: TEXTURAL GROUP: SEDIMENT NAME: P Maratua Muddy Sand Fine Silty Fine Sand Gravel Gravel Gravel: Sand: 89.9% Mud: 10.1% Very Coarse 80% Coarse Gravel: Medium Gravel: Fine Gravel: Gravel % Muddy Gravel Muddy Sandy Gravel Sandy Gravel Very Fine Gravel: Very Coarse Sand: Coarse Sand: Medium Fine Sand: 3.8% 13.9% 33.1% 36.2% Very Fine Very Coarse Silt: 2.9% 0.3% Coarse Silt: 2.2% 30% Medium Silt: 1.5% Gravelly Mud Gravelly Muddy Sand Gravelly Sand Fine Silt: Very Fine Silt: Clay: 6.1% Mud Trace 5% Slightly Gravelly Mud Slightly Gravelly Sandy Mud Slightly Gravelly Muddy Sand Mud Sandy Mud Muddy Sand 1:9 1:1 9:1 Sand:Mud Ratio Slightly Gravelly Sand Sand Sand 83

15 Lampiran 4. Persentase penutupan karang dan biota penyusun substrat dasar lainnya Kategori P. Panjang P. Derawan Karang Keras (HC) T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 Acropora ACB 7.88% 6.58% 7.15% 0.48% 1.08% 0.97% ACD 0.17% 0.32% 1.36% 0.20% 0.18% 0.36% ACE ACS 0.16% 0.18% 0.15% 0.76% 1.28% 1.73% ACT 1.90% 1.72% 1.88% 6.81% 5.42% 5.68% Non Acropora CB 7.74% 7.65% 6.25% 13.15% 15.21% 15.08% CE 2.99% 3.12% 3.04% 5.64% 5.29% 3.35% CF 8.97% 8.14% 8.74% 0.69% 0.12% 0.52% CM 9.16% 9.38% 9.25% 15.82% 16.14% 16.48% CS 0.47% 0.31% 0.48% 3.81% 3.96% 4.07% CMR 0.11% 0.16% 1.62% CME % 0.67% 0.54% CHL 1.49% 1.12% 1.37% CTU 0.70% 0.82% 0.68% Fauna Lain SC 21.68% 24.65% 24.24% 2.67% 2.15% 2.92% SP 1.74% 1.84% 1.57% 0.59% 1.54% 1.97% ZO ASC % - - OT 3.55% 4.16% 2.98% 0.87% 2.10% 1.44% Alga CA 2.26% 2.90% 1.05% 1.30% 0.21% 0.15% MA 0.19% 1.25% 2.11% Abiotik DC 0.27% 0.32% 0.23% DCA 7.00% 9.14% 9.36% 12.13% 14.04% 12.59% R 12.98% 9.52% 10.20% 20.72% 18.37% 18.72% RCK % 1.69% 1.12% S 8.62% 6.72% 6.29% 12.65% 10.55% 12.31% 84

16 Lampiran 4. Lanjutan Kategori P. Sangalaki P. Maratua Karang Keras (HC) T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 Acropora ACB 7.37% 6.12% 6.24% 1.12% 1.14% 1.27% ACD % 0.21% 0.14% ACE ACS 1.75% 2.33% 2.16% 2.08% 2.15% 2.20% ACT 2.01% 2.84% 3.01% 1.17% 1.81% 1.55% Non Acropora CB 19.82% 19.68% 18.49% 12.87% 10.29% 12.09% CE 19.25% 16.45% 18.11% 3.53% 4.28% 4.46% CF 32.36% 32.91% 34.05% 3.41% 3.19% 3.11% CM 2.17% 3.05% 2.88% 17.63% 17.35% 15.27% CS 4.65% 4.33% 4.17% 5.18% 6.02% 6.51% CMR 0.71% 1.13% 1.34% CME % 0.77% 0.18% CHL % 1.12% 0.18% 0.12% 0.16% CTU Fauna Lain SC 2.12% 1.85% 1.26% 1.15% 1.58% 2.06% SP % 7.79% 7.41% ZO ASC % 0.06% OT % 0.06% 0.17% - Alga CA 0.29% 0.16% 0.21% 1.19% 2.05% 1.59% MA Abiotik DC 1.24% 1.30% 1.36% DCA 5.11% 6.12% 4.37% 10.46% 12.25% 12.36% R 1.14% 0.21% 1.04% 19.52% 18.41% 15.28% RCK % 2.08% 1.97% S % 8.30% 12.33% 85

17 Lampiran 5. Hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan PCA Statistika dasar Variabel Mean Std, Dev, Sed 11,39 6,67 HC 56,97 22,72 NO3 0,14 0,05 PO4 0,02 0,02 TSS 9,25 4,00 Tem 29,87 0,24 Sal 30,85 0,95 Arus 0,25 0,04 Vis 6,82 1,59 Matriks korelasi Sed HC NO 3 PO 4 TSS Tem Sal Arus Vis Sed 1,00 HC -0,66 1,00 NO 3 0,89-0,92 1,00 PO 4-0,31-0,43 0,15 1,00 TSS 0,93-0,47 0,78-0,33 1,00 Tem -0,90 0,30-0,60 0,69-0,86 1,00 Sal -0,97 0,50-0,79 0,42-0,98 0,93 1,00 Arus -1,00 0,68-0,89 0,31-0,92 0,90 0,97 1,00 Vis -0,10-0,21 0,18 0,73 0,12 0,40 0,05 0,11 1,00 Diagonalisasi Baris 1: Akar ciri (ragam pada sumbu utama) Baris 2: Kontribusi variasi total (persentase yang dijelaskan oleh sumbu utama) Sumbu 1 Sumbu 2 Sumbu 3 5,9635 2,3308 0, ,26% 25,90% 7,84% Vektor ciri (koefisien variabel dalam fungsi linier sumbu utama) Variabel Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Sed -0,4092 0,0067 0,0421 HC 0,2637-0,4192-0,4992 NO3-0,3593 0,2937 0,2028 PO4 0,1331 0,6158 0,1206 TSS -0,3859 0,0087-0,3983 Tem 0,3713 0,2748 0,0524 Sal 0,4012 0,0559 0,2149 Arus 0,4088-0,0095-0,0686 Vis 0,0369 0,5291-0,

18 Lampiran 6. Spesies karang yang ditemukan pada masing-masing stasiun Takson P. Panjang P. Derawan P. Sangalaki P. Maratua Family Astrocoeniidae Genus Stylocoeniella Stylocoeniella armata Stylocoeniella guentheri Family Pocilloporidae Genus Pocillopora Pocillopora ankeli Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora danae Pocillopora elegans Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora kelleheri Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora woodjonesi Genus Seriatopora Seriatopora aculeata Seriatopora caliendrum Seriatopora guttatus Seriatopora hystrix Seriatopora stellata Genus Stylophora Stylophora pistillata Stylophora subseriata Family Acroporidae Genus Montipora Montipora aequituberculata Montipora altasepta Montipora cactus Montipora calcarea Montipora capitata Montipora cebuensis Montipora confusa Montipora corbetensis Montipora crassituberculata Montipora danae Montipora digitata Montipora florida Montipora floweri Montipora foliosa Montipora foveolata Montipora friabilis Montipora grisea Montipora hispida

19 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Montipora hodgsoni Montipora hoffmeisteri Montipora incrassata Montipora informis Montipora mactanensis Montipora malampaya Montipora millepora Montipora monasteriata Montipora nodosa Montipora plawanensis Montipora samarensis Montipora spongodes Montipora stellata Montipora tuberculosa Montipora turgescens Montipora turtlensis Montipora undata Montipora verriculosa Montipora vietnamensis Genus anacropora Anacropora forbesi Anacropora matthai Anacropora puertogalerae Anacropora reticulata Genus Acropora Acropora abrotonoides Acropora aculeus Acropora acuminata Acropora aspera Acropora austera Acropora awi Acropora bifurcata Acropora bruggemanni Acropora carduus Acropora caroliniana Acropora cerealis Acropora clathrata Acropora cophodactyla Acropora cytherea Acropora derewanensis Acropora digitifera Acropora divaricata Acropora echinata Acropora elegans Acropora elseyi

20 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Acropora florida Acropora formosa Acropora gemmifera Acropora grandis Acropora granulosa Acropora hoeksemai Acropora horrida Acropora humilis Acropora hyacinthus Acropora indonesia Acropora insignis Acropora kirstyae Acropora latistella Acropora listeri Acropora loripes Acropora lutkeni Acropora microclados Acropora microphthalma Acropora millepora Acropora mirabilis Acropora nana Acropora nasuta Acropora nobilis Acropora palifera Acropora paniculata Acropora plumosa Acropora robusta Acropora samoensis Acropora sarmentosa Acropora secale Acropora selago Acropora seriata Acropora solitaryensis Acropora speciosa Acropora spicifera Acropora striata Acropora subglabra Acropora subulata Acropora tenuis Acropora valenciennesi Acropora valida Acropora verweyi Acropora williase Acropora yongei

21 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Genus Astreopora Astreopora expansa Astreopora gracilis Astreopora listeri Astreopora myriophtalama Astreopora ocellata Astreopora randalli Astreopora suggesta Family Euphyllidae Genus Euphyllia Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia cristata Euphyllia divisa Euphyllia glabrescens Euphyllia yaeyamensis Genus Plerogyra Plerogyra simplex Plerogyra sinuosa Genus Physogyra Physogyra lichstenteini Family Oculindae Genus Galaxea Galaxea archelia Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis Galaxea horrescens Galaxea longisepta Galaxea paucisepta Family Siderasteridae Genus Psammocora Psammocora contigua Psammocora digitata Psammocora explanulata Psammocora haimeana Psamocora niestraszi Psammocora profundacella Psammocora superficialis Genus Coscinaraea Coscinaraea columna Coscinaraea exesa Coscinaraea wellsi Family Agaricidae Genus Pavona Pavona bipartita Pavona clavus

22 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Pavona decussata Pavona duerdeni Pavona explanulata Pavona varians Pavona venosa Genus Leptoseris Leptoseris explanata Leptoseris foliosa Leptoseris hawaiiensis Leptoseris incrustans Leptoseris mycetoseroides Leptoseris papyracea Leptoseris scabra Leptoseris yabei Genus Gardineroseris Gardineroseris planulata Genus Coeloseris Coeloseris mayeri Genus Pachyseris Pachyseris foliosa Pachyseris gemmae Pachyseris rugosa Pachyseris speciosa Family Fungiidae Genus Cycloseris Cycloseris cyclolites Genus Heliofungia Heliofungia actiniformis Genus Fungia Fungia concinna Fungia corona Fungia danai Fungia fralinae Fungia fungites Fungia granulosa Fungia gravis Fungia horrida Fungia moluccensis Fungia paumotensis Fungia repanda Fungia scabra Fungia scruposa Fungia scrutaria Genus Ctenactis Ctenactis albitentaculata

23 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Ctenactis crassa Ctenactis echinata Genus Herpolitha Herpolitha limax Genus Polyphyllia Polyphyllia talpina Genus Sandalolitha Sandalolitha robusta Genus Halomitra Halomitra clavator Halomitra pileus Genus Zoopilus Zoopilus echinatus Genus Lithophyllon Lithophyllon mokai Genus Podabacia Podabacia crustacea Podabacia motuporensis Family Pectinidae Genus Echinophyllia Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia echinata Echinophyllia echinoporoides Genus Oxypora Oxypora crassispinosa Oxypora glabra Oxypora lacera Genus Mycedium Mycedium elephatotus Mycedium robokaki Mycedium mancaoi Mycedium steeni Genus Pectinia Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia elongata Pectinia lactuca Pectinia paeonia Pectinia teres Pectinia maxima Family Merulinidae Genus Hydnophora Hydnophora exesa Hydnophora microconos Hydnophora pilosa Hydnophora rigida

24 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Genus Merulina Merulina ampliata Merulina scabricula Genus Scapophyllia Scapophyllia cylindrica Family Dendrophyllidae Genus Turbinaria Turbinaria irregularis Turbinaria mesenterina Turbinaria patula Turbinaria peltata Turbinaria reniformis Turbinaria stellulata Family Mussidae Genus Acanthastrea Acanthastrea echinata Acanthastrea hemprichii Acanthastrea regularis Acanthastrea subechinata Genus Lobophyllia Lobophyllia flabelliformis Lobophyllia hataii Lobophyllia hemprichii Lobophyllia robusta Genus Symphyllia Symphyllia agaricia Symphyllia radians Symphyllia recta Symphyllia valenciennesii Genus Scolymia Scolymia australis Scolymia vitiensis Genus Australomussa Australomussa rowleyensis Genus Cynarina Cynarina lacrymalis Family Faviidae Genus Favia Favia danae Favia favus Favia lizardensis Favia matthai Favia maxima Favia pallida Favia rotundata

25 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Favia speciosa Favia stelligera Favia truncatus Genus Barabottoia Barabottoia amicorum Barabattoia laddi Genus Favites Favites acuticulis Favites abdita Favites complanata Favites flexuosa Favites halicora Favites micropentagona Favites paraflexuosa Favites pentagona Favites russelli Favites spinosa Genus Goniastrea Goniastrea aspera Goniastrea australensis Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea pectinata Goniastrea retiformis Genus Platygyra Platygyra acuta Platygyra contorta Platygyra daedalea Platygyra lamellina Platygyra pini Platygyra sinensis Platygyra verweyi Platygyra yayamaensis Genus Oulophyllia Oulophyllia bennettae Oulophyllia crispa Oulophyllia levis Genus Leptoria Leptoria irregularis Leptoria phyrigia Genus Montastrea Montastrea colemani Montastrea curta Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea salebrosa Genus Plesiastrea 94

26 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Plesiastrea versipora Genus Diploastrea Diploastrea heliopora Genus Leptastrea Leptastrea pruinosa Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea transversa Genus Cyphastrea Cyphastrea chalcidium Cyphastrea decadia Cyphastrea japonica Cyphastrea microphtalama Cyphastrea serailia Genus Echinopora Echinopora gemmacea Echinopora horrida Echinopora lamellosa Echinopora mammiformis Echinopora pacificus Echinopora taylorae Family Poritidae Genus Porites Porites cumulatus Porites cylindrica Porites deformis Porites evermanni Porites horizontalata Porites lichen Porites monticulosa Porites napopora Porites negrosensis Porites nigrescens Porites rugosa Porites rus Porites solida Porites tuberculosa Porites vaughani Porites massive Genus Goniopora Goniopora burgosi Goniopora columna Goniopora djibuotiensis Goniopora fruticosa Goniopora lobata Goniopora minor

27 Lampiran 6. Lanjutan Goniopora pendulus Goniopora somaliensis Goniopora stokesi Goniopora stutchburyi Goniopora tenuidens Genus Alveopora Alveopora gigas Alveopora minuta Alveopora spongiosa Alveopora tizardi Total Total Spesies

28 Lampiran 7. Hasil Cluster Analisis dengan menggunakan SPSS.10 Cluster Analisis Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups) Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine C A S E Label Num Stylocoeniella armata Zoopilus echinatus Acropora awi Psammocora haimean Psamocora niestraszi Porites cumulates Porites horizontalata Pectinia teres Pocillopora ankeli Montipora malampaya Montipora turtlensis Montipora hispida Montipora mactanensis Montipora cactus Montipora calcarea Lithophyllon mokai Montipora aequituberculata Leptoseris incrustans Leptoseris mycetoseroides Goniopora stutchburyi Halomitra clavator Gardineroseris planulata Goniastrea australensis Galaxea horrescens Galaxea paucisepta Echinopora mammiformis Euphyllia yaeyamensis Astreopora ocellata Cyphastrea decadia Acropora solitaryensis Anacropora matthai Acropora plumosa Acropora selago Acropora insignis Acropora mirabilis 4 Acropora bifurcata Acropora caroliniana Symphyllia agaricia Turbinaria irregularis Alveopora spongiosa Porites monticulosa Porites negrosensis Pavona duerdeni Pavona explanulata Pavona bipartita Pavona clavus 1,4 Goniopora minor Pachyseris foliosa Echinopora pacificus Plerogyra sinuosa Symphyllia radians Acropora nasuta Physogyra lichstenteini Plerogyra simplex Oulophyllia crispa Pavona decussata Merulina ampliata Montipora danae Fungia scruposa 97

29 Heliofungia actiniformis Favia rotundata Favites flexuosa Euphyllia ancora Favia lizardensis 1,3,4 Echinophyllia aspera Echinopora gemmacea Astreopora gracilis Porites napopora Symphyllia valenciennesii Acropora aculeus Platygyra contorta Podabacia motuporensis Pectinia elongate Platygyra acuta Oxypora crassispinosa Pachyseris gemmae Mycedium mancaoi Mycedium robokaki Montipora corbetensis Montipora vietnamensis Leptoseris hawaiiensis Lobophyllia hataii Goniopora djibuotiensis Hydnophora rigida Fungia repanda Galaxea archelia Fungia gravis Fungia moluccensis Ctenactis albitentaculata Echinopora horrida Alveopora tizardi Anacropora puertogalerae Acropora striata Acropora subglabra Acropora kirstyae Acropora microphthalma 3,4 Acropora horrida Acropora Indonesia Acropora bruggemanni Acropora grandis Pachyseris rugosa Pectinia lactuca Acropora tenuis 1,2,4 Merulina scabricula Montipora confuse Leptastrea purpurea Symphyllia recta Stylophora pistillata Stylocoeniella guentheri Seriatopora caliendrum Psammocora profundacella Porites vaughani Porites rugosa Porites massive Porites lichen Porites cylindrica Podabacia crustacea Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora danae Platygyra sinensis Platygyra daedalea Pavona varians Pachyseris speciosa Oxypora lacera Mycedium elephatotus Montipora turgescens Montipora tuberculosa Montipora spongodes Montipora informis 98

30 Montipora hoffmeisteri Montipora grisea Montastrea curta Lobophyllia hemprichii Leptoseris scabra Leptastrea pruinosa Acanthastrea subechinata Leptoseris explanata Hydnophora exesa Goniopora tenuidens Goniopora somaliensis Goniopora lobata Goniastrea pectinata Galaxea fascicularis Fungia horrida Fungia concinna Favites russelli Favites complanata Favites abdita Favia stelligera Favia speciosa Favia pallida Favia matthai Favia favus Echinopora lamellose Echinophyllia echinoporoides Cyphastrea serailia Cyphastrea microphtalama Coeloseris mayeri Acropora palifera Acropora humilis Acropora granulose 1,2,3,4 Acropora divaricata Acropora florida Acropora digitifera Montipora cebuensis Porites rus Acropora hyacinthus Acropora yongei Coscinaraea columna 2,4 Acropora secale Acropora valida Acropora listeri Seriatopora aculeate Seriatopora stellata Acropora austere Pocillopora damicornis Scapophyllia cylindrical Pavona venosa Plesiastrea versipora Montipora foliosa Montipora monasteriata Leptoria phyrigia Lobophyllia robusta Hydnophora microconos Leptastrea transversa Goniastrea retiformis Halomitra pileus Fungia paumotensis Goniastrea edwardsi Fungia fungites Fungia granulose Favites pentagona Fungia danai Ctenactis echinata Diploastrea heliopora Astreopora listeri Ctenactis crassa Acropora subulata Acropora valenciennesi 99

31 Acropora microclados Acropora millepora 2,3,4 Acropora Formosa Acropora loripes Acropora clathrata Acropora cytherea Psammocora digitata Psammocora superficialis Acropora elseyi Pocillopora kelleheri Porites evermanni Montipora incrassate Montipora nodosa Goniopora stokesi Leptoria irregularis Favites spinosa Fungia corona Acropora verweyi Favia danae 2 Acropora nana Acropora spicifera Acropora hoeksemai Montipora undata Porites nigrescens Acropora nobilis Goniopora columna Montipora digitata Favites micropentagona Goniastrea aspera 2,3 Astreopora randalli Barabattoia laddi Acropora sarmentosa Scolymia vitiensis Seriatopora hystrix Acanthastrea hemprichii Psammocora contigua Sandalolitha robusta Polyphyllia talpina Porites solida Pectinia paeonia Platygyra yayamaensis Mycedium steeni Oulophyllia levis Montipora plawanensis Montipora samarensis Montipora floweri Montipora friabilis Montastrea colemani Montipora altasepta Hydnophora pilosa Leptoseris foliosa Euphyllia divisa Fungia scabra Echinophyllia echinata Echinopora taylorae Coscinaraea wellsi Cycloseris cyclolites Alveopora minuta Astreopora expansa Acropora robusta Acropora speciosa Acropora latistella Acropora paniculata Acropora echinata Acropora elegans 3 Acropora aspera Acropora derewanensis Acanthastrea regularis Pocillopora eydouxi 100

32 Porites tuberculosa 1,2,3 Herpolitha limax Pectinia alcicornis Platygyra pini Turbinaria peltata Turbinaria stellulata Acanthastrea echinata Platygyra lamellina Platygyra verweyi Oulophyllia bennettae Oxypora glabra Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea salebrosa Favites halicora Goniopora burgosi Favia truncates Favites acuticulis 1,3 Acropora samoensis Barabottoia amicorum Acropora cerealis Turbinaria patula Turbinaria reniformis Alveopora gigas Psammocora explanulata Scolymia australis Montipora millepora Pectinia maxima Lobophyllia flabelliformis Montipora foveolata Favia maxima Favites paraflexuosa 1 Cyphastrea chalcidium Euphyllia cristata Australomussa rowleyensis Cynarina lacrymalis Astreopora myriophtalama 1,2 Euphyllia glabrescens Acropora gemmifera 101

33 Lampiran 8. Profil terumbu karang di Stasiun 1 103

34 Lampiran 9. Profil terumbu karang di Stasiun 2 104

35 Lampiran 10. Profil terumbu karang di Stasiun 3 105

36 Lampiran 10. Profil terumbu karang di Stasiun 3 105

37 Lampiran 11. Profil terumbu karang di Stasiun 4 106

38 Referensi Sediment efect Riegl dan Bloomer (1995) menemukan bahwa sediment memberikan efek histopologi yang serius terhadap karang scleractinia dan alcyonacea. Efek tersebut lebih sering ditemukan dalam alcyonacea dibanding scleractinia. Efek sedimentasi umumnya mudah terlihat dalam necroses jaringan karang baik scleractinia maupun alcyonacea. Necross pada jaringan berkaitan dengan terjadinya akumulasi sedimen pada permukaan koloni. Necroses selalu terjadi pada area dimana sediment terakumulasi.