JUN - ITTELKOM. Pendahuluan. Pendahuluan

Transkripsi

1 Pendahuluan Mikroprosesor telah menjadi bagian dari Kehidupan modern, hampir semua benda Elektronik Berbasis mikroprosesor Mikroprosesor dan Antarmuka Pendahuluan Oleh: Junartho Halomoan LOGO 1

2 Aplikasi Mikroprosesor (µp) Hiburan Sistem Kendali Alat rumah tangga Alat perkantoran Kendaraan dll Keunggulan mikroprosesor Dibandingkan dengan implementasi menggunakan komponen diskrit: Lebih fleksibel (programable) Komponen lebih sedikit Dibandingkan dengan implementasi software Lebih cepat 2

3 Sempoa Cina abad ke 10 sebelum Masehi Eniac: 1943 Desimal 20 accumulator 10 digit 30 ton, tabung vacum, daya 140 kw µp 4 bit: i4004 (1971) Hanya bisa add dan sub µp 8 bit: i8008 µp 16 bit: i8086/i8088/80286 µp 32 bit I80386/80486/Pentium µp 64 bit AMD Athlon64 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [1] 80x86 Evolution 4004: 4-bit microprocessor. 4KB main memory. 45 instructions. PMOS technology. 50 KIPS Sejarah 8008: (1971) 8-bit version of KB main memory. 48 instructions. NMOS technology. 3

4 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [2] 8080: (1973) 8-bit microprocessor. 64KB main memory. 2 microseconds clock cycle time; 500,000 instructions/sec. 10X faster than : (1977) 8-bit microprocessor - upgraded version of the KB main memory. 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time; 769,230 instructions/sec. 246 instructions. Intel sold 100 million copies of this 8-bit microprocessor. Evolusi Mikroprosesor [3] 8086: (1978) 8088 (1979) 16-bit microprocessor. 1MB main memory. 2.5 MIPS (400 ns). 4- or 6-byte instruction cache. Other improvements included more registers and additional instructions : (1983) 16-bit microprocessor very similar in instruction set to the MB main memory. 4.0 MIPS (250 ns/8mhz). 4

5 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [4] 80386: (1986) 32-bit microprocessor. 4GB main memory MHz. Memory management unit added. Variations: DX, EX, SL, SLC (cache) and SX SX: 16MB through a 16-bit data bus and 24 bit address bus. Evolusi Mikroprosesor [5] 80486: (1989) 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus. 4GB main memory MHz. Later at 66 and 100MHz Incorporated an like microprocessor, like floating point coprocessor and an 8K byte cache on one package. About half of the instructions executed in 1 clock instead of 2 on the 386. Variations: SX, DX2, DX4. DX2: Double clocked version: 66MHz clock cycle time with memory transfers at 33MHz. 5

6 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [6] Pentium: (1993) 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus. 4GB main memory. 60, 66, 90MHz. 1-and-1/2 100MHz version. Double clocked 120 and 133MHz versions. Fastest version is the 233MHz (3-and-1/2 clocked version). 16KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8KB each). Memory transfers at 66MHz (instead of 33MHz). Dual integer processors. Evolusi Mikroprosesor [7] Pentium Pro: (1995) 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus. 64GB main memory. Starts at 150MHz. 16KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8KB each). 256KB L2 cache. Memory transfers at 66MHz. 3 integer processors. 6

7 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [8] Pentium II: (1997) 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus. 64GB main memory. Starts at 266MHz. 32KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16KB each). Module integrated 512KB L2 cache (133MHz). Memory transfers at 66MHz to 100MHz (1998). Evolusi Mikroprosesor [9] Pentium III: (1999) 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus. 64GB main memory. 800MHz and above. 32KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16KB each). On-chip 256KB L2 cache (at-speed). Memory transfers 100MHz to 133MHz. Dual Independent Bus (simultaneous L2 and system memory access) 7

8 Evolusi Mikroprosesor [10] Pentium IV: (2002) 1.4 to 1.9GHz and the latest at 3.20 GHz and 3.46GHz (Hyper-Threading)! 1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache. 800 MHz (about 6.4GB/s)/533 MHz (4.3 GB/s)/ 400MHz (3.2 GB/s) system bus MHz front side bus just available. Specialized for streaming video, game and DVD applications (144 new SIMD 128-bit instructions). 0.13um, more than 55 million transistors. Newer ones are in 90nm transistors, >125 million possible Evolusi Mikroprosesor [11] Pentium D, Core 2 Duo, Core Duo, Core 2 Extreme Edition: ( ) Dual processing cores Upto 4MB L2 cache and 1066 MHz FSB 65 nm and 45 nm transistors (and lots of them!!!) 8

9 Evolusi µp Intel (Singkat) Name Date Transistors um Clock Memory Data width MIPS , MHz 64 kb 8 bits , MHz 1 MB 16 bits bus 8-bits bus , MHz 16 MB 16 bits , MHz 4 GB 32 bits ,200, MHz 4 GB 32 bits 20 Pentium ,100, MHz 64 GB Pentium II ,500, MHz 64 GB Pentium III ,500, MHz 64 GB Pentium ,000, GHz 64 GB Pentium 4 "Prescott" Core-i ,000, GHz 64 GB 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 32 bits 64-bit bus 100 ~300 ~510 ~1,700 ~7,000 Sistem Bilangan (Review TekDig) Desimal Biner Biner 8 bit Biner 16 bit Biner 20 bit Hexa Notasi Umum 1 k 32k 64 k 1 M FF 9

10 Komponen Dasar Komputer : ALU ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) + - x / or and xor not Arithmetic biner pada komputer pada dasarnya penjumlahan - adalah + menggunakan 2 s complement X adalah + dan geser kiri dilakukan berulang-ulang / adalah dan geser kanan Operasi aritmetik memerlukan adder (FA & HA) dan register yang bisa digeser isinya (shift register) A B = A + B + 1 (Carry-in) Sum = Carry-in xor A xor B Carry out = (A and B) or (Carry-in and B) or (Carry in and A) UN - ITTELKOM B3JA3 B2 A2 B1 A1 Carry out FA Carry in Carry out FA Carry in Carry out FA Carry in S3 S2 S1 10

11 Model ALU dalam sistem komputer A B n n CPU + - x / logic Accumulator Central Processing Unit Operasi ALU A n B Memori I/O BUS A + B Ambil A (memori) ALU A (ALU) Acc Ambil B (memori) ALU A (Acc) ALU Proses + Hasil Acc n + - x / logic Accumulator 11

12 ALU 16 bit Register- register dalam Intel 8088 Accumulator 8 bit AL 16 bit AX (AL+AH) Register data tambahan BX Base CX Counter DX Data SP Stack Pointer BP Base Pointer SI Source Index DI Destination Index BIU ES CS SS DS IP EU AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI DI Sign & Unsign Number C-BUS A- BUS INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE ALU CONTROL SYSTEM OPERAND FLAGS Unsigned number adalah cara menyatakan bilangan positif dengan menggunakan seluruh digit yang ada 8 bit ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd 255) 16 bit ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd Signed number adalah cara menyatakan bilangan positif dan negatif dengan menggunakan bit MSB sebagai tanda + (0) dan (1) 8 bit ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd 127 dan ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan -1 sd bit ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd dan ( sd ) menyatakan bilangan -1 sd

13 Operasi Aritmatika dan Flag Flag Register digunakan untuk memberitahukan hasil atau keadaan suatu operasi aritmatika atau logik yang telah dieksekusi. Berikut ini beberapa Zero, Carry, Overflow, Borrow, Aux. Carry Zero Flag Zero adalah kondisi hasil operasi aritmetik dan logik yang menghasilkan xor

14 Carry Flag Carry adalah kondisi hasil penjumlahan yang melebihi kapasitas register Aux. Carry bit Borrow Carry bit Borrow adalah suatu kondisi hasil pengurangan FE FE + 1 FC C CC Borrow bit 14

15 Overflow Overflow adalah kondisi yang terjadi saat penambahan dan pengurangan bilangan bertanda (melebihi jangkauan bilangan bertanda/ signed bit) (negatif) Floating Point S EXP exc127 Mantisa Biner x

16 Tracing Instruksi [1] Address Code Command AX CS IP Z C O B CS:0100 B8 FF FF MOV AX,FFFF FFFF 135B CS:0103 CS: ADD AX,0001 ADD AX, Tracing Instruksi [2] 135B 135B Address Code Command AX CS IP Z C O S B CS:0100 B8 4C FF MOV AX,FF4C FF4C 135B CS:0103 2D CC FF SUB AX,FFCC FF80 135B

17 Tracing Instruksi [3] Address Code Command AL CS IP Z C O A B CS:0100 B0 4C MOV AL,4C 4C 135B CS: ADD AL, B Tracing Instruksi [4] MOV instruction: MOV destination, source ; copy source operand to destination Example: (8-bit ) MOV CL,55H MOV DL,CL MOV BH,DL MOV AH,BH 17

18 Tracing Instruksi [5] Example: (16-bit) MOV CX,468FH MOV AX,CX MOV BX,AX MOV DX,BX MOV DI,AX MOV SI,DI MOV DS,SI MOV BP,DS Tracing Instruksi [7] Examples (diperiksa Instruksi yang ilegal): MOV BX,14AFH MOV SI,2345H MOV DI,2233H MOV CS,2A3FH MOV DS,CS MOV FR,BX MOV DS,14AFH 18

19 Tracing Instruksi [8] ADD instruction ADD destination, source ; add the source operand to destination Example 8 bit: MOV AL,24H MOV DL,11H ADD AL,DL MOV CH,24H MOV BL,11H ADD CH,BL MOV CH,24H ADD CH,11H Tracing Instruksi [9] Example 16bit: MOV AX,34EH MOV DX,6A5H ADD DX,AX MOV CX,34EH ADD CX,6A5H 19

20 Thank You! LOGO 20