JUN - ITTELKOM. Dasar Sistem Komputer [1] Dasar Mikroprosesor Intel Mikroprosesor dan Antarmuka LOGO

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1 Mikroprosesor dan Antarmuka Dasar Mikroprosesor Intel 8088 Oleh. Junartho Halomoan Dasar Sistem Komputer [1] LOGO 1

2 Dasar Sistem Komputer [2] Mikroprosesor Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus Memory Dasar Sistem Komputer [3] I/O 2

3 Dasar Sistem Komputer [4] Arsitektur Bus ada 3 buah: Address: If I/O, a value between 0000H and FFFFH is issued. If memory, it depends on the architecture: 20-bits (8086/8088) 24-bits (80286/80386SX) 25-bits (80386SL/SLC/EX) 32-bits (80386DX/80486/Pentium) 36-bits (Pentium Pro/II/III) Dasar Sistem Komputer [5] Data: 8-bits (8088) 16-bits (8086/80286/80386SX/SL/SLC/EX) 32-bits (80386DX/80486/Pentium) 64-bits (Pentium/Pro/II/III) Control: Most systems have at least 4 control bus connections (active low). MRDC (Memory ReaD Control), MWRC, IORC (I/O Read Control), IOWC (I/O Write Control),. 3

4 Dasar Sistem Komputer [5] Dasar Sistem Komputer [6] 4

5 Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [1] GND A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC A15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 SS0 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR IO/M DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET Data Bus GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [2] GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND INTR: Interrupt Request -Aktif pada saat level high -Masukan -Di monitor pada cycle clock terakhir setiap instruksi NMI: Nonmaskable interrupt -Positif Edge triggered signal -Masukan -Tidak dapat di-masked (enable/disable) secara s/w VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET 5

6 Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [3] Clock - Mikroprosesor membutuhkan clock untuk sinkronisasi semua aktifitasnya - Maksimum 10 MHz - Clok generator : i8284 GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [4] Reset Menghentikan aktifitas mp saat itu masukan Aktif high Kondisi register di dalam mikroprosesor setelah reset: register CS DS SS ES IP FLAG QUEUE Contents FFFFH 0000H 0000H GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND H 0000H 0000H Kosong VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET 6

7 Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [5] READY: Masukan Aktif high Digunakan untuk memasukkan waktu tunggu (wait state), untuk akses memori atau I/O yang lambat. GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [6] Mode Min Logic Mode Max Logic 0 RQ / GT0 RQ / GT1 LOCK S2 S1 S0 QS0 QS VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 BHE/S7 MN/MX RD HOLD HLDA WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA TEST READY RESET Fungsi pin 24 s/d 31 dari 8088 dan 8086 berubah sesuai mode yang digunakan, max atau min * Pin-pin diatas digunakan untuk sinyal kontrol memori dan I/O 7

8 Bus Timing [1] Writing: Dump address on address bus. Dump data on data bus. Issue a write (WR) and set M/IO to 1. Bus Timing [2] Reading: Dump address on address bus. Issue a read (RD) and set M/IO to 1. Wait for memory access cycle. 8

9 Bus Timing [3] Bus Timing [4] During T1: The address is placed on the Address/Data bus. Control signals M/IO, ALE and DT/R specify memory or I/O, latch the address onto the address bus and set the direction of data transfer on data bus. During T2: 8086 issues the RD or WR signal, DEN, and, for a write, the data. DEN enables the memory or I/O device to receive the data for writes and the 8086 to receive the data for reads. During T3: This cycle is provided to allow memory to access data. READY is sampled at the end of T2. If low, T3 becomes a wait state. Otherwise, the data bus is sampled at the end of T3. During T4: All bus signals are deactivated, in preparation for next bus cycle. Data is sampled for reads, writes occur for writes. 9

10 Diagram Internal intel 8088 BIU C-BUS ES CS SS DS IP INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE CONTROL SYSTEM EU AH BH CH DH SP BP SI DI AL BL CL DL A- BUS ALU OPERAND FLAGS Fungsi BIU (BUS Interface Unit) Sebagai antarmuka (pengalamatan) dengan peripheral di luar mikroprosesor. Bertanggung jawab terhadap semua operasi bus eksternal, seperti : Instruction fetch Operasi baca-tulis memori atau I/O Antrian instruksi dan perhitungan alamat (PA) 10

11 Fungsi EU (Execution Unit) Bertanggung jawab terhadap decoding dan executing instruksi Mengambil instruksi dari Queue Transfer data dari dan ke general purpose Registers Check & update flag. Perhitungan alamat operand (EA) Memberi perintah ke BIU untuk operasi memori atau I/O Register 8088/8086 [1] 11

12 Register 8088/8086 [2] Kategori general pointer index segment instruction flag Bit Nama Register AX,BX,CX,DX AH,AL,BH,BL,CH,CL,DH,DL SP,BP SI,DI CS,DS,SS,ES IP FR Catatan : register general 16 bit tidak bisa digunakan bersamaan dengan register general 8 bit, contoh : mov ax,bl tidak dilayani Register General Purpose [1] EAX: Accumulator: Referenced as EAX, AX, AL or AH. Used for mult, div, etc. Used to hold an offset. EBX: Base Index: Used to hold the offset of a data pointer. ECX: Count: Used to hold the count for some instructions, REP and LOOP. Used to hold the offset of a data pointer. 12

13 Register General Purpose [2] EDX: Data: Used to hold a portion of the result for mult, of the operand for div. Used to hold the offset of a data pointer. EBP: Base Pointer: Holds the base pointer for memory data transfers. EDI: Destination Index: Holds the base destination pointer for string instructions. ESI: Source Index: Holds the base source pointer for string instructions. Register Special Purpose EIP: Instruction Pointer: Points to the next instruction in a code segment. 16-bits (IP) in real mode and 32-bits in protected mode. ESP: Stack Pointer: Used by the stack, call and return instructions. EFLAGS: Store the state of various conditions in the microprocessor 13

14 Register Flag [1] 5 flag bit yang paling kanan berubah sesudah instruksi operasi aritmatika dan operasi logika sedangkan instruksi operasi transfer data dan kontrol tidak merubah register flag Register Flag [2] C (Carry): Holds the carry out after addition or the borrow after subtraction. Also indicates error conditions. P (Parity): 0 for odd number of bits and 1 for even. Obsolete feature of the 80x86. A (Auxiliary Carry): Highly specialized flag used by DAA and DAS instructions after BCD addition or subtraction. 14

15 Register Flag [3] Z (Zero): 1 if the result of an arithmetic or logic instruction is 0. S (Sign): 1 if the sign of the result of an arith. or logic instruction is negative. T (Trap): Trap enable. The microprocessor interrupts the flow of instructions on conditions indicated by the debug and control registers. Register Flag [4] I (Interrupt): Controls the operation of the INTR (Interrupt request) pin. If 1, interrupts are enabled. Set by STI and CLI instructions. D (Direction): Selects with increment or decrement mode for the DI and/or SI registers during string instructions. If 1, registers are automatically decremented. Set by STD and CLD instructions. O (Overflow): Set for addition and subtraction instructions. 15

16 Register Segment [1] CS (Code Segment): In real mode, this specifies the start of a 64KB memory segment. In protected mode, it selects a descriptor. The code segment is limited to 64KB in the and 4 GB in the 386 and above. Register Segment [2] DS (Data Segment): Similar to the CS except this segment holds data. ES (Extra Segment): Data segment used by some string instructions to hold destination data. SS (Stack Segment): Similar to the CS except this segment holds the stack. ESP and EBP hold offsets into this segment. FS and GS: and up. Allows two additional memory segments to be deþned. 16

17 Akses Memori Sebelum 8088, up mepunyai memori sekitar 64 kb Digunakan untuk penyimpan : os, program aplikasi dan data Peta Alamat Memori & I/O i8088 AH BH CH DH IP CS DS SS ES SP BP SI DI AL BL CL DL External Memory Address Space Limit PC 9FFFF FFFFF Code segment 64 k byte Data Segment 64 K Byte Stack segment 64 k Byte Extra Segment 64 k Byte Input / output Address space 0000 FFFF 17

18 Peta Alamat I/O i8088/86 Peta Memori [1] FFFFF Data Program Aplikasi Program Operating System 00200? BIOS bit 18

19 Peta Memori [2] - App. 48 kb Aplikasi : 48 kb Dimisalkan pembagian besar memori aplikasi untuk data dan program adalah sebagai berikut: 10 kb <= data 38 kb <= program Besar memori untuk bagian data biasanya lebih kecil dibandingkan bagian program Tentukan alamat memori program dan data dengan tanpa segmentasi atau menggunakan segmentasi Peta Memori [3]- App. 48 kb Tanpa segment: Alamat Program Alamat awal program 200h Alamat akhir program 99FFh Alamat Data Alamat awal data 9A00h Alamat akhir data C1FFh Contoh: Ambil data ke-100 acc mov acc,[9a64] Dengan segmen Alamat Program Alamat awal program 0000h di Code Segment Alamat akhir 97FFh di Code Segment Alamat Data Alamat awal data 0000h di Data Segment Alamat akhir data 27FFh Contoh : Ambil data ke-100 acc mov acc,[0064] 19

20 Peta Memori [4] - Segmentasi Segmentasi Membagi memori menjadi blok-blok 64 kb secara dinamis Dipisahkan blok memori menjadi blok fungsi 64 kb untuk program Code Segment 64 kb untuk data Data Segment 64 kb untuk stack Stack Segment 64 kb untuk tambahan data (option) Extra Segment Peta Memori [5]-statis/dinamis OS BIOS SS ES ES DS SS CS DS CS OS BIOS Statis vs Dinamis 20

21 Peta Memori [6]-MultiSegment Karena tersedia lebih dari 4 segment, maka bisa dibuat lebih dari 1 kelompok segment multi tasking Pindah program (task) hanya mengubah segment Setiap program bisa dimulai dari alamat 0000 Program Program Program Peta Memori [7]-Contoh Dinamis DS FFFFF F DS = XXXX CS DS DS = 2000 CS DS DS =1000 CS

22 Perhitungan alamat fisik [1] Segmen untuk Program Format : CS : IP IP=95F3 CS= Adder physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 Geser kiri CS satu digit Segmen untuk Data Format : DS : EA (Effective Address) EA=95F3 Adder physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 DS= Geser kiri DS satu digit Perhitungan alamat fisik [2] Segmen untuk Stack Format : SS : SP SP=95F3 Adder physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 SS= Geser kiri SS satu digit 22

23 Perhitungan alamat fisik [3] H/W Segment BIU C-BUS Program IP offset CS segment Data Offset sesuai mode pengalamatannya DS segment Stack SP offset SS segment H/W Alamat Alamat program IP offset CS segment Alamat Fisik: IP + CS(digeser) ES CS SS DS IP EU AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI DI ES CS SS DS IP SP BP SI DI AL BL CL DL A- BUS C-BUS INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE ALU CONTROL SYSTEM OPERAND FLAGS Perhitungan alamat fisik [4] BIU EU AH BH CH DH A- BUS INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE ALU CONTROL SYSTEM OPERAND FLAGS 23

24 Perhitungan alamat fisik [5] Contoh: Jika CS=24F6H dan IP=634AH, Tentukan: a) The logical address, b) The offset address c) The physical address, d) The lower range of the code segment e) The upper range of the code segment Solusi a) The logical address/ Alamat Logika ; 24F6:634A b) The offset address/ Alamat Offtset ; 634A c) The Physical address/ Alamat fisik ; 24F60+634A= 2B2AA d) The lower range of the code segment: 24F6:0000 => 24F =24F60 e) The upper range of the code segment: 24F6:FFFF => 24F60+FFFF=34F5F Perhitungan alamat fisik [6] Ciri Alamat Segment: Tidak bisa diletakkan di alamat awal selain xxxx0 Alamat segmen terakhir pasti F000 Contoh : CS= F100 tidak boleh» Min CS:IP F100:0000 alamat fisik F1000» Maks CS:IP F100:FFFF alamat fisik 100FFF diluar batas maksimum FFFFF 24

25 Instruksi PUSH SS:1236 SS:1235 SS:1234 SS:1233 SS:1232 SS:1231 SS:1230 SS:1236 SS:1235 SS:1234 SS:1233 SS:1232 SS:1231 SS:1230 Asumsi : SS=5FFF SP=1236, AX=24B6,DI=85C2,DX=5F93 Perhatikan isi stack setiap dijalankan perintah sbb: PUSH AX PUSH DI PUSH DX (gunakan prinsip little endian ) START Instruksi POP START 24 PUSH AX 24 B6 PUSH DI 24 B6 85 C2 PUSH DX 24 B6 85 C2 5F 93 SP=1234 SP=1232 SP=1230 Asumsi : SP=1230 Perhatikan isi stack setiap dijalankan perintah berikut : POP AX POP DX POP BX (gunakan prinsip LIFO) B6 85 C2 5F 93 POP AX 24 B6 85 C2 POP DX 24 B6 POP BX AX=5F93 DX=85C2 BX=24B6 25

26 Instruksi MOV [1] MOV instruction: MOV destination, source ; copy source operand to destination Example: (8-bit ) MOV CL,55H MOV DL,CL MOV BH,DL MOV AH,BH Instruksi MOV [2] Example: (16-bit) MOV CX,468FH MOV AX,CX MOV BX,AX MOV DX,BX MOV DI,AX MOV SI,DI MOV DS,SI MOV BP,DS 26

27 Instruksi MOV [3] Examples (diperiksa Instruksi yang ilegal): MOV BX,14AFH MOV SI,2345H MOV DI,2233H MOV CS,2A3FH MOV DS,CS MOV FR,BX MOV DS,14AFH Instruksi ADD [1] ADD instruction ADD destination, source ; add the source operand to destination Example 8 bit: MOV AL,24H MOV DL,11H ADD AL,DL MOV CH,24H MOV BL,11H ADD CH,BL MOV CH,24H ADD CH,11H 27

28 Instruksi ADD [2] Example 16bit: MOV AX,34EH MOV DX,6A5H ADD DX,AX MOV CX,34EH ADD CX,6A5H Q&A up 8088 [1] Q : IO atau Memori yang diakses oleh up pada saat pertama kali bootup (sesudah reset)? A : Memori Q : Tahu dari mana yang diakses memori? A : Register CS di isi FFFF Q : Memangnya di peta I/O tidak ada segmen? A : Tidak ada karena peta I/O hanya 64 kb Q : Apa yang anda tahu tentang segmen? Ukuran? Jenis? A : Ukuran segmen 64kB, Jenis 4 : Code, Data, Stack, Extra Q : Alamat (IO / Memori) berapa yang diakses oleh up pada saat pertama kali bootup (sesudah reset)? A : Alamat Memori FFFF0 yang diakses oleh up pada saat pertama kali bootup (sesudah reset) 28

29 Q&A up 8088 [2] Q : kenapa 8088 dibagi menjadi BIU dan EU? A : sesuai fungsi, yaitu BIU menghitung alamat, EU menghitung data Q : apa bedanya ALU di BIU dengan ALU di EU? A : ALU di BIU menggabungkan 16 bit offset dengan 16 bit segmen menjadi 20 bit alamat fisik, sedangkan ALU di EU menghitung data 8/16 bit dengan data 8/16 bit menjadi 8/16/32 bit Thank You! Please study this subject at home LOGO 29