The World of Chemicals

Transkripsi

1 Chemicals Awareness

2 The World of Chemicals Universe of Chemicals > 5 Million Industrial Inventories ~ 55,000 Regulated Occupationally ~ 600 2

3 Toxicology Poisons - the adverse effects (efek merugikan) of substances on living systems. All substances are poisons; There is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy Paracelsus ( ) Chemical Toxicology The potential adverse effects and control of chemicals in the workplace. 3

4 Toxicants Substances that produce adverse biological effects of any nature May be chemical or physical in nature Effects may be of various types (acute, chronic, etc.) Toxins Specific proteins produced by living organisms (Mushroom toxin or tetanus toxin) Most exhibit immediate effects Poisons Toxicants that cause immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts 4

5 Basic Concepts Toxicity capacity to cause injury Hazard potential harm associated with a specific substance under potential exposure conditions Risk the likelihood or chance that harm will occur under actual conditions (Toxicity) X (Exposure) = Risk 5

6 Basic Concepts All chemicals have the capacity to be toxic All chemicals act in the body according to the principles of chemistry, physics and biology Natural chemicals are not inherently harmless Synthetic chemicals are not inherently hazardous The dose make the poison 6

7 The Dose Makes the Poison Chemical Beneficial Dose Toxic Dose Aspirin mg ,000mg Vitamin A 500 units/d 50,000 units/d Oxygen 20% in air % in air 7

8 Lethal Dose Agent LD 50 (mg/kg) Ethyl Alcohol 7060 Sodium Chloride 3000 Naphthalene 1760 Ferrous Sulfate 1500 Aspirin 1000 Formaldehyde 800 Ammonia 350 Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide 350 Caffeine 192 Phenobarbital 150 Chlorpheniramine Maleate 118 DDT 100 Strychnine Sulfate 2 Nicotine 1 Dioxin Botulinus Toxin

9 There are no harmless substances. Only harmless ways of using substances. 9

10 Routes of Chemicals Exposure Breathing Zone Inhalation* Eyes Absorption Ingestion Injection *Most important route of entry 10

11 How can you know that a chemical is toxic or hazardous? How can you handle chemicals? Is a chemical harmful? How can we identify chemicals? MSDS HARM SYMBOOLS

12 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

13 RANKING DAN SIMBOL BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA MENURUT NEPA-USA NO BAHAYA KESEHATAN (HEALTH) BAHAYA KEBAKARAN (FIRE) BAHAYA REAKTIVITAS (REACTIVITY) 4 Penyebab kematian, cedera fatal, meskipun ada pertolongan 3 Berakibat serius pada keterpaan singkat, meskipun ada pertolongan 2 Keterpaan intensif dan terus menerus berakibat serius, kecuali ada pertolongan Segera menguap dalam keadaan normal dan dapat terbakar secara cepat Cair atau padat, dapat dinyalakan pada suhu biasa Perlu sedikit pemanasan sebelum bahan dapat terbakar Mudah meledak atau diledakkan, sensitif terhadap panas dan mekanik Mudah meledak tetapi memerlukan penyebab panas dan tumbukan kuat Tidak stabil, bereaksi hebat, tapi tidak meledak 1 Penyebab iritasi atau cedera ringan Dapat dibakar, tetapi memerlukan pemanasan lebih dulu Stabil pada suhu normal. Tetapi tidak stabil pada suhu tinggi 0 Tidak berbahaya terhadap kesehatan meskipun kena panas (api) Bahan tidak dapat dibakar sama sekali Stabil, tidak reaktif meskipun kena panas atau suhu tinggi W Simbol bahaya Natrium 3 1 W 2 Jangan disiram dengan air

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16 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

17 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

18 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

19 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

20 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

21 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

22 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

23 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

24 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

25 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

26 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

27 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

28 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

29 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

30 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

31 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

32 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

33 Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

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36 Chemicals awareness Chemicals Solid Liquids Gas 1. Solid a. Unhygroscopic solid, and can not menyublim, example : amylum, sodium carbonate b. Hygroscopic solid, exp: NaOH, KSCN c. Vapourable solid exp: Iodium, Ammonium carbonate, Kamper (naftalen)

37 d. Light sensitive solid: exp: AgNO 3, KMnO 4 e. Water sensitive solid, exp: Na, K. f. Oxygen/air sensitive solid,exp: phosphorous 2. LIQUID a. Liquid/Normal, exp: aquadest, b. Vapourable liquid, exp: ammonia, ether, HCl, acetone, chloroform c. Liquid that easy to bind water vapour, Exp: Sulphuric acid a. Flamable liquid, exp: ether, methanol, aceton, gasoline, kerosine

38 Hygroscopic solid: placed into covered bottled, wrapt with plastic vapourable solid: place into glass bottle or plastic, rest a ¼ of space for air.

39 light sensitive solid: placed into dark bottle or tak tembus cahaya,cover it tightly water sensitive solid: immersed into kerosine oxygen/air sensitive solid: place and immesed in water do not place a solid mixtures as oxidators, catalist and substance that easy to burn exp: KClO 3, MnO 2, sucrose

40 b. Liquid placed in closely pack bottle spare the space a ¼ part of the bottle for liquid vapour the flamable liquid have to keep away from fire for oxidator liquids, place into fumehood Use the suitable SPA if you want to take harmful liquids Do not put the harmful liquids in the up side of rack

41 Handle chemicals Toxic vapourable chemicals should be placed in fumehood Use fumehood if you work with hazardous chemicals

42 c. Gas Place the gas vessel safely use kran with spuyer that have to maintain periodically place in cold room (if it is possible) keep away from heat or fire keep the vessel safe (make not easy to fall) He

43 Work Laboratory Instruction 1. Identify 5 chemicals in the front desk. 2. Find the MSDS of its in MSDS Book. 3. Report your work into journal Chemicals Formula Structure Harm symbols Handling