BASELINE. Fungsi: Urgensi: 6/24/2009. (c) imanprihandono 1. Zona-zona. Maritim berdasarkan LOSC 1982 ZONMAR. Upaya-upaya pengaturan Baselines:

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1 BASELINE Iman Prihandono, SH., MH., LL.M Departemen Hukum Internasional Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga Blog: imanprihandono.wordpress.com Fungsi: 1. Adalah garis yang dipakai untuk mengukur dan menentukan batas terluar dari territorial sea dan other coastal States zones (the contiguous zones, the exclusive fishing zones dan the EEZ). 2. Garis yang menunjukkan pemisah (demarcation) antara daerah laut dimana negara lain tidak memiliki hak-hak khusus (eg. internal waters) dan daerah laut dimana negara lain memiliki hak-hak khusus (eg. the territorial sea dan other zones). 3. Garis yang digunakan untuk menentukan batas-batas laut: where two neighboring States agree that the boundary between their maritime zones is to be a line equidistant from both States. Zona-zona Maritim berdasarkan LOSC 1982 ZONMAR Urgensi: 1. Kondisi geografis dari pantai-pantai masing-masing negara berbeda-beda beda, tidak semuanya berbentuk lurus tanpa cekungan. 2. Harus ada aturan yang seragam agar seluruh penggambar peta (cartographer) di dunia akan mengghasilkan gambar yang sama untuk kasus yang sama. 3. Harus ada aturan yang membuat kepentingan negara atas internal waters sama dengan kepentingannya atas territorial sea ataupun ZEE. Upaya-upaya pengaturan Baselines: Hague Codification Conference; 2. International Law Commission (ILC) 1950; Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone; Law of the Sea Convention; (c) imanprihandono 1

2 Jenis Baseline Normal Baseline Art. 3 of TSC & Art. 5 LOSC: 1. Normal baseline; 2. Straight baseline; 3. Archipelagic baseline the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low- water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. (c) imanprihandono 2

3 Art. 14 LOSC: Different Conditions The coastal State may determine baselines to suit different conditions. Special Conditions 1. Straight baselines for coasts deeply intended or fringed with islands; 2. Bays; 3. River mouths; 4. Harbour works; 5. Low tide elevations; 6. Islands; 7. Reefs; Art. 7 LOSC (1). Straight Baselines where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into,, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. (1). Straight Baselines 1. The sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain; (Art. 7(3) LOSC) 2. Not to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone; (Art. 7(6) LOSC) 3. Shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position; (Art. 16(1) LOSC) Kondisi Geografis bagi penerapan Straight Baseline Kualifikasi kontur Pantai untuk penarikan Straight Baselines (c) imanprihandono 3

4 (2). Bays: definition D a r a t 1. as to contain land-locked locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. (Art. 10(2) LOSC) L a u t 2. unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation. (Art. 10(2) LOSC) 3. < 24 nautical miles concerns. (Art. 10(4) dan (5) LOSC) Since the area of the bay is less than the area of the semi-circles, the bay cannot be closed 5:10 coastal penetration to baseline segment length. Since the area of the bay is larger than the area of the semi-circle, the bay can be closed X Y The diameter of the semi-circle equals the total width of mouths X, Y and Z, islands in the bay count as part of the area of the bay Z If the mouth of the bay is wider than 24 nautical miles, a line can be drawn where the bay narrows to 24 nautical miles, provided the semi-circle test is satisfied 0 nautical miles 24 (2). Bays : exemption Historic" Bays: if a State can show that it has for a considerable period of time claimed the bay as internal waters and has effectively, openly and continuously exercised its authority therein and has received the acquiescence of other States. Bays bordered by more than one state: (a) the baseline is constituted by a low water mark around the shores of the bay; (b) being divided by two States as internal waters. (3). River mouths If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water water line of its banks. (Art. 13 TSC dan Art. 9 LOSC) (c) imanprihandono 4

5 River flowing directly into the sea (4). Harbour works 1. The outermost permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. 2. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works. (Art. 8 TSC dan Art. 11 LOSC) (5). Low tide elevations 1. is a naturally formed area of land which is surrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. 2. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island,, the low-water water line on that elevation may be used as the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea. (Art. 11(1) TSC dan Art. 13 LOSC) Pasal 7 ayat (4) Island Low-tide elevation pasal 13 ayat (1), Pasal 7 ayat (4) Low-tide elevation diluar 12 mil laut Low-tide elevation dalam batas 12 mil laut dan sudah dipasang Mercu suar (6). Islands 1. An island is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide. Pulau Tersebar dan Tidak Tersebar 2. Territorial sea of an island is measured in accordance with the general rules on baselines. 3. Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. (Art. 10(1) TSC; Art. 121 LOSC) (c) imanprihandono 5

6 Pulau Tdk Tersebar: Lebih Besar 24 mil dr Daratan Utama (6). Islands Group of islands: straight archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago (Art. 47(1) LOSC) Artificial islands: shall not be considered as permanent harbour works (Art. 11 LOSC) Archipelagic Beselines Archipelagic State Contiguous zone TERRITORIAL SEA EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (7). Reefs the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low- water line of the reef (Art. 6 LOSC) a.it It applies to atolls or coral reefs; b.it It applies only to reefs exposed at low tide; Segment of China s s Straight Baseline System China segment 8-9= 122 miles pt 9 is submerged pt. 10: lte greater than 12 miles from mainland. segment 10-11= 100 miles (c) imanprihandono 6

7 South Korea s s Straight Baselines Japan s s Straight Baseline Claim TERIMA KASIH (c) imanprihandono 7