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Glenna Agusalim
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1 Copyright TEORI RINGKAS ACTIVE/PASSIvE, PARTICIPLE, CONCORD, MODALS ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Active participle ialah verb + ing Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai a. noun modifier b. clause modifier A. Noun Modifier terdiri dari Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda The dancing girl is my sister The singing bird is a murai (the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing) The broken car was sold Active participle/passive participle phrases The man wearing a cap is my father The boy riding the buffalo is my brother The man killed in the field is my aunt Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi: The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau The boy who rode that buffalo The man killed the field berarti The man who is killed in the field B. Active participle/participles phrases sebagai clause modifier

2 Keterangan Being old,he has to wear glasses Shouting,he kicked the door Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate Because he is old,he has to wear glasses While he was shouting,he kicked the door Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate Penggunaan active participle 1. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle He rode away.he whistled as he went He rode away whistling The children came.they ran to meet us The children came running to meet us 2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle He opened the drawer and took out a revolver Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a student,he was naturally interested in museum As he didn t know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept silent 3. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle After I had finished my work,i went out= Having finished my work, I went out

3 Copyright II. CONCORD Concord adalah persesuaian antara subject dengan predikat -contoh dalam bentuk sederhana adalah sebagai berikut: I fly to menado once a week He flies to Menado once a week I have been to Bali He has a nice car You are always complaining in she is good at maths seeking a job -contoh lainnya 1. Ada beberapa kata benda yang nampaknya tunggal tetapi mempunyai arti jamak. Yaitu cattle, public, police, people, poultry The cattle are grazing in the field The police enforce the law 2. beberapa kata benda yang kelihatannya jamak tetapi mengandung arti tunggal. Yaitu : economics, statistics, billiards, mathematics, measles, mumps. Mathematics is difficult Measles is a contagious disease 3. Beberapa kata benda yang bisa jamak, bisa tunggal Yaitu: jury, committee, team, crowd, class, family, crew, army, congress, press. The jury consists of ten person The jury are arguing among themselves Notes : Kalau yang dilihat itu kesatuannya maka mengandung arti tunggal. Tetapi kalau yang dilihatnya itu anggotanya maka mengandung arti jamak 4. contoh-contoh kalau subject digabungkan dengan kata either or; neither nor; both and.

4 Either you or she was here yesterday (yang dilihat, kata setelah or ). Neither I nor he likes coffee (kata yang dilihat kata setelah nor ). Both you and your sister work well (subjeknya jamak karena terdiri dari you and your sister) Not only Rudy but also his brother are actors. Not only does Rudy teach math but also English. Rudy teaches not only math but also English 5. penggunaan each, either, dan neither of, every, one of. kalau dalam sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan kata each, either, atau neither maka sudah pasti kata kerjanya harus berbentuk singular Neither of the films is interesting My school has ten class rooms; each is equiped by the over head projector 6. penggunaan as well as bila dua subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan kata as well as maka kata kerja yang digunakannya untuk subjek tunggal an apple as well as an orange is good for our health a television as well as a radio is the source of information bila kedua subjeknya tidak sama jumlahnya maka yang dilihat (disesuaikan) adalah subjek yang ditulis terdahulu The students as well as the teacher have worked hard; A banana as well as oranges is going to be sent to you 7. lama waktu, jarak, berat, volume, selalu diikuti dengan kata kerja untuk subjek tunggal. Five hours is not long for me to wait Two hundred kms is not far away nowadays

5 Five kgs is heavy to carry,eight is enough Copyright kata-kata berikut ini selalu diikuti oleh predikat untuk benda jamak tweezers, binoculars, glasses, shoes, pyjamas, pliers, trousers. tetapi bisa ditunggalkan dengan kata a pair of (sepasang) bandingkan : My glasses are on the table A pair of glasses is on the table; two pairs of glasses are on the table 9. kata benda yang bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama deer, sheep, salmon, mackerel, aircraft, vietnamese, chinese, japanese, I saw two japanese in that hotel There are hundred and hundred of deer in the palace garden III. MODALS Modal adalah kata kerja atau auxilliary verb yang terdiri dari: Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used to Kata-kata tersebut diatas diikuti verb. Shall : Dipakai untuk 1 Untuk menyatakan future dengan subjek I/We I shall leave for America tomorrow 2 Janji You shall have a motorbike

6 (saya janjikan anda akan dapat sepeda) 3 Ancaman You shall be punished if you do that Should : 1. Bentuk past dari shall,kalau berada pada anak kalimat I say that I shall leave I said that I should leave 2 Mangandung arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present You should obey your parents You ought to obey your parents 3 Mengandung arti sebaiknya suggestion/advice If you are tired,you should take a rest Will : Dipakai 1. Untuk bentuk future I will go to Jakarta tomorrow 2. Untuk janji I will come to your house if it doesn t rain 3. Untuk polite request Will you open the window please! Would : 1. Past tense dari will kalau berada

7 pada anak kalimat He says he will come He said he would come 2. More polite request Would you open the door, please! 3. Berarti want kalau ditambah like (would like=want) Would you like a cup of tea?= Do you want a cup of tea? Can: Mengandung arti 1. ability at present I can speak English 2. Permission Can I go out? 3. Request can you help me 4. Present Possibility He can be at home Could: Mengandung arti 1. Past dari can kalau berada pada anak kalimat I said that I could go with you 2. ability in the past When I was young, I could play tennis well 3. Permission (izin yang lebih halus dari can) Copyright

8 Could I borrow your ball point? 4. Past Possibility He could be at home last night May: Berarti 1. Permission May I go home now Bolehkan..) 2. Possibility He may come late (mungkin) Might: Berarti 1. Past dari may kalau berada pada anak kalimat He said that he might go home (boleh) 2. Probability She might be late (mungkin) Must : Mengandung arti 1. Harus (obligation) You must study hard 2. Pasti (conclusion) Andi has many luxurious cars; he must be rich Need : Dapat dipakai 1. Sebagai kata kerja biasa Do you need a new book? 2. Sebagai kata kerja bantu

9 Copyright Need you go so soon? MODAL PERFECT (Subject-Modal-Have-Verb 3-Object etc) 1. I could have lifted the box just now (saya bisa mengangkat peti itu tetapi tidak saya lakukan) Artinya suatu kemampuan di waktu lampau yang tidak dikerjakan 2. He might have gone by train early this morning (mungkin dia pergi dengan kereta api tadi pagi-pagi) Artinya suatu kemungkinan di waktu lampau 3. The road is wet it must have rained last night (pasti tadi malam hujan buktinya jalan basah) Suatu kesimpulan di waktu lampau 4. I would have returned your bicycle (saya ingin mengembalikan sepedamu tetapi tidak bisa) Suatu keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi 5. I should have given him some money (seharusnya saya memberi dia uang tetapi tidak saya lakukan) Suatu keharusan yang tidak dipenuhi

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