LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Produksi Kayu Bulat oleh Perusahaan Hak Pengusahaan Hutan Menurut Jenis Kayu, 24-28 Jenis Kayu Produksi Kayu (M 3 ) 24 25 26 27 28 Agathis 32134 29,888 1,612 12,754 18,121 Bakau 29,475 213,291 155,582 188,224 55,558 Bangkirai 48,776 64,733 66,136 72,178 77,127 Benuang 14,861 8,29 6,655 7,66 39,945 Damar 2777 3,543 1,625 2,615 2,49 Duabanga 32,393 Indah 72,98 57,799 45,29 24,457 85,434 Jelutung 22,226 1,21 18,58 38,734 24,813 Kapur 3762 323,635 39,958 496,354 281,591 Kruing 24276 372,573 38,91 238,99 372,44 Meranti 4,135,592 5,49,694 4,377,991 4,876,171 4,362,297 Mersawa 2,13 14,957 12,675 14,61 16,34 Nyatoh 31,434 26,345 23,587 25,76 41,595 Palapi 17,598 15,176 2,522 22,197 35,767 Ramin 81,127 65,393 81,587 65,788 92,425 Resak 3,73 6,45 4,548 3,566 7,458 Lainnya 1,117,565 945,863 99,39 925,43 98,95 Rimba Camp 1,684,351 1,571,497 1,475,917 1,499,361 1,546,896 Indonesia 8,158,43 8,769,662 7,91,394 8,514,228 8,58,734 Sumber : Statistik Perusahaan Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, BPS Lampiran 2. System pengeringan kayu Meranti External udara Peresapan daerah selatan Tumpukan Dinding Internal udara Lantai Peresapan daerah utara Peresapan atap Atap Atap Ventilasi External udara 61
Lampiran 3. Perhitungan Thermal Properties Kayu Meranti (Shorea Leprosula Miq.) 1. Konduktivitas Panas kayu Sample ke Konduktivitas Panas (W/mK) 1,1632 2,1593 3,1427 4,152 5,153 Rata-Rata,15314 Tabel 1. Hasil Pengukuran Konduktivitas Panas Kayu 2. Panas Jenis kayu a. Konstanta Panas Kalorimeter (C) Q lepas = Q terima Q panas = Q dingin + Q calorimeter m 1 C p (T p -T c ) = m 2 C p (T c -T d ) + C (T c T d ) Dimana: m 1 m 1 T p T d T c C = massa air panas = massa air dingin = Suhu air panas = Suhu air dingin = Suhu campuran = Konstanta kalorimeter Cp = Panas Jenis air (42 J/Kg K) Ulangan m 1 (ml) m 2 (ml) T p ( C) T d ( C) T c ( C) C(J/kg K) 1 1 1 96 3,5 5 4615,38 2 1 1 93 6 5 9545,45 3 1 1 94 5.5 5 4719,1 Rata-rata 6293,31 Tabel 2. Hasil Pengukuran dan penghitungan Konstanta Panas Kalorimeter 62
b. Panas Jenis Kayu Q lepas = Q terima Q bahan = Q dingin + Q calorimeter m b C b (T b -T c ) = m d C p (T c -T d ) + C (T c T d ) Dimana: M b = massa bahan M d = massa air dingin T p = Suhu air panas T d = Suhu air dingin T c = Suhu campuran C = Konstanta kalorimeter (6293,31 J/Kg K) Cp = Panas Jenis air (42 J/Kg K) Cb = Panas Jenis Bahan Ulangan M d (ml) M b (ml) T b ( C) T c ( C) T d ( C) C(J/kg K) 1 1 5 28 8,5 5 153,284 2 1 5 27,5 8,5 5 157,554 3 1 5 27 8 5 1346,189 4 1 5 27 7,5 5 193,6 5 1 5 27,5 7,5 5 165,733 Rata-rata 1321,164 Tabel 3. Hasil Pengukuran dan Perhitungan Panas jenis (Cp) Kayu 3. Massa jenis Kayu a. Massa jenis Lilin Sample ke Massa lilin(gr) Volume(cm3) ρ(gr/cm3) 1 8,83 8 1,1375 2 9,95 11,94545 3 8,87 8 1,1875 Rata-rata 9,22 9, 1,4 Tabel 4. Massa Jenis Lilin 63
b. Massa Jenis Kayu Dimensi Berat (gram) Volume (ml) ρ (gr/cm 3 ) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Rata2 P(cm) L(cm) T(cm) kayu Kayu+lilin lilin lilin K+lilin ukur hitung ukur hitung 2,628 2,63 1,742 9,625 12,54 2,92 2,83 14 11,197 12,4,86,799 2,371 2,581 1,9 9,45 12,49 3,4 2,923 14 11,77 11,627,853,813 2,6 2,656 1,689 9,21 12,53 3,32 3,192 15 11,88 11,664,78,79 2,234 2,371 2,18 9,39 12,78 3,39 3,26 15 11,74 11,547,8,813 2,29 2,53 2,8 9,67 12,62 2,95 2,837 15 12,163 12,51,795,82 2,425 2,554 1,918 9,469 12,59 3,12 3,3 15 11,597 11,786,818,83 Tabel 5. Hasil pengukuran dan perhitungan massa jenis kayu 4. Difusivitas Kayu Cp =,837 + (,34 x 52,66) = 2,627 kj/kg K α = =,15314, x = 7,259 x 1-8 m 2 /s 64
Lampiran 4. Data Heat Transfer Pada Percobaan Data Satuan Matahari 3 o C 5 o C 7 o C 9 o C Alat Pengering P m 1,58,95,95,95,95 L m 1,7,57,57,57,57 T m 2,5,6,6,6,6 Kayu Panjang (c) m,5,15,15,15,15 Lebar (b) m,2,5,5,5,5 Tebal (a) m,2,5,5,5,5 Kipas Angin d m,3,3,3,3,3 v m/s 5,41 1 1 1 1 Iklim Tbb ⁰C 2,18 34,75 34,75 34,75 26,8 TbK ⁰C 21,4 39,9 39,9 39,9 31 RH % 88,6 76 76 76 67 V m/s,897 1 1 1 1 Thermal Properties bahan Konduktivitas panas (K) w/mc,15314,15314,15314,15314,15314 ρ kg/m3 624 83 83 83 83 Properties of air ρ kg/m3 1,191 1,888 1,888 1,888 1,888 Cp kj/kgk 1,5 1,46 1,46 1,46 1,46 n kg/m3 1,96E 5 2,17E 5 2,17E 5 2,17E 5 2,17E 5 v m2/s 1,54E 5 1,81E 5 1,81E 5 1,81E 5 1,81E 5 K w/m2k,261,251,251,251,251 α m2/s 2,94E 5,24,24,24,24 Pr,698,72,72,72,72 koefisien konveksi C,27,27,27,27,27 n,25,25,25,25,25 K' 1 1 1 1 1 suhu TOTAL Tr ⁰C 27,57 39,9497 31,6 75,2 94,88681 Tci ⁰C 25,1 39,334 56,63 63,31 91,8738 Tco ⁰C 24,3 31,9365 57,25 74,8 31,69861 Tair ⁰C 21,4 31,9365 57,25 74,8 31,69861 To ⁰C 27 38,63373 56,73 66,67 91,82388 Tx ⁰C 25 38,55837 37,77 49,87 9,2311 65
Lampiran 5. Perhitungan Heat Transfer pada Percobaan Parameter Satuan Matahari 3 C 5 C 7 C 9 C Shape Factor β,4,333333,333333,333333,333333,4,33333,33333,33333,33333 Konduksi Q W/m2 2,61,376935,386 1,927327 8,17119 Konveksi q W/m2,61911,351,12356,19339,4373 h W/m2K 1,86166 1,12152 1,387262 1,551652 1,92465 Parameter tak berdimensi Nu,835191,2235,277342,3126,38341 Re 6583,273 25,8756 25,8756 25,8756 25,8756 Pr,698,72,72,72,72 Gr 75863,72 577,4349 1486,761 28,49 3834,561 Konveksi Paksa Nu 2,222993,983587,983587,983587,983587 Nux 23,89521 4,673544 4,673544 4,673544 4,673544 Konveksi dari bahan ke udara Nu 94,7392 13,31414 13,31414 13,31414 13,31414 hc W/m2K 28,14388 12,1 12,1 12,1 12,1 Konveksi karena angin hc W/m2K 26,258 9,5 9,5 9,5 9,5 Koefisien pindah panas evaporative Ma 97,25185 35,18519 35,18519 35,18519 35,18519 Mw/Ma 27,6714 8,174619 8,174619 8,174619 8,5844 Pt Pa 2543,189 6847,63 6847,63 6847,63 4415,814 Pw Pa 2452,578 61,758 61,758 61,758 3925,486 pr Pa 2364,838 5426,958 5426,958 5426,958 3483,855 Massa air yg dipindahkan per m2/s 2632,329 287,6255 287,6255 287,6255 281,6871 he W/m2K,36587,1573,1573,1573,1573 hd W/m2K 21,95392 8,68525 8,68525 8,68525 8,68525 m/a Kg/hm2 1926,228 5852,121 5852,121 5852,121 3835,679 Qew W/m2,28546,72553,18686,261396,481798 Pindah panas total q1 W/m2 18,5542,332456 4,299825 4,865246 15,84134 q2 W/m2 58,4943 118,1966 416,6349 75,751 996,976 q3 W/m2 24,5341 qtot W/m2 443,4977 118,5291 42,9347 79,944 112,749 Pindah panas total dari dalam bangunan U W/m2K 13,698 5,76 5,76 5,76 5,76 66
Lampiran 6. Perhitungan Analisis Heat Transfer dalam pengeringan Notasi Keterangan Satuan Matahari 3 C 5 C 7 C 9 C APPROXIMATE METHODS Mf fuel requirement kg 2,17926 2,17926 2,17926 2,17926 2,17926 Hf Heating value Kj/Kg 15 15 15 15 15 f burner efficiency,6,6,6,6,6 nd number of days 31 31 31 31 31 Tr Troom C 27,34 27,34 27,34 27,34 27,34 Ta Tambient C 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5 T Total hour 12 12 12 12 12 DD degree day 156,48 156,48 156,48 156,48 156,48 UA coef energy loss 257,8444 257,8444 257,8444 257,8444 257,8444 Qt daily heat loss W/C 8787,339 8787,339 8787,339 8787,339 8787,339 Qm monthly heat load W/C 27247,5 27247,5 27247,5 27247,5 27247,5 SOLAIR TEMPERATURE v velocity of air m/s 5,41 1 1 1 1 σ stevan boltzman 5,67E 8 5,67E 8 5,67E 8 5,67E 8 5,67E 8 emisivity,9,9,9,9,9 hra W/m2 C 5,529999 5,529999 5,529999 5,529999 5,529999 hca W/m2 C 19,3 5,8 5,8 5,8 5,8 h1 heat transfer coeff W/m2 C 24,56 11,33 11,33 11,33 11,33 α absorpsivity of surface,95,95,95,95,95 I solar radiation W/m2 125,8 125,8 125,8 125,8 125,8 ΔR W/m2 6 6 6 6 6 K Thermal Conductivity W/mC,15314,15314,15314,15314,15314 dt/dx 284 284 284 284 284 T x= Ta C 54,94412 119,122 119,122 119,122 119,122 T x= Solair Temperature C 3,44412 94,6218 94,6218 94,6218 94,6218 STEADY ANALYSIS Direct Heating Asw 4,25 4,25 4,25 4,25 4,25 AsR 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 Ieff W/m2 613,51 613,51 613,51 613,51 613,51,9,9,9,9,9 Tsa C 61,73575 15,2158 15,2158 15,2158 15,2158 Ueff W/m2C 147,5238 68,5556 68,5556 68,5556 68,5556 q W/m2 574,191 5299,881 5299,881 5299,881 5299,881 67
Lampiran 7. Penurunan Berat Sample pengeringan 3 o C 6 5 Berat (Gram) 4 3 2 1 12 24 36 48 Waktu (jam) Lampiran 8. Penurunan Berat Sample pengeringan 5 o C Berat (gram) 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 12 18 24 Waktu (jam) Lampiran 9. Penurunan Berat Sample pengeringan 7 o C 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 1 15 2 68
Lampiran 1. Penurunan Berat Sample pengeringan 9 o C Berat (gram) 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 1 12 Waktu( Jam) Lampiran 11. Penurunan Berat Sample pengeringan Matahari 225 Penurunan Berat Sample Barat (gram) 22 215 21 25 2 195 19 y = 4,416x 2 58,37x + 221 R² =,98 5 1 15 2 25 Hari ke sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 rata2 Poly. (rata2) Lampiran 12. Penurunan Kadar Air pengeringan 3 o C Kadar Air (%) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 y = 58,16x,36 R² =,862 6 12 18 24 3 36 42 48 Waktu (Jam) 69
Lampiran 13. Penurunan Kadar Air pengeringan 5 o C 12 1 Kadar Air (%) 8 6 4 2 y = 65,17x,52 R² =,89 6 12 18 24 Waktu (Jam) Lampiran 14. Penurunan Kadar Air pengeringan 7 o C 12 1 Kadar Air (%) 8 6 4 2 y = 59,49x,62 R² =,892 6 Waktu (Jam) 12 18 Lampiran 15. Penurunan Kadar Air pengeringan 9 o C Kadar Air (%) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 y = 72,4x,85 R² =,93 2 4 Waktu 6 (Jam) 8 1 12 7
Lampiran 16. Penurunan Kadar Air pengeringan Matahari Kadar air (%) 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 y = 33,64x,16 R² =,912 5 1 Waktu (hari) 15 2 25 Lampiran 17. Laju Pengeringan pengeringan 3 o C 3 Laju Pengeringan( % BK/Jam) 25 2 15 1 5 5 y = 3,34ln(x) + 11,2 R² =,615 6 12 18 24 3 36 42 48 Waktu (Jam) Lampiran 18. Laju Pengeringan pengeringan 5 o C Laju Pengeringan (% BK/Jam) 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 y = 7,96ln(x) + 21,11 R² =,73 5 1 15 2 25 Waktu (Jam) 71
Lampiran 19. Laju Pengeringan pengeringan 7 o C Laju Pengeringan (% BK /Jam) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 y = 11,9ln(x) + 28,12 R² =,654 6 12 18 Waktu (Jam) Lampiran 2. Laju Pengeringan pengeringan 9 o C Laju Pengeringan (%BK/Jam) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 y = 19,3ln(x) + 38,61 R² =,711 2 4 6 8 1 12 Waktu (Jam) Lampiran 21. Laju Pengeringan pengeringan Matahari 6 Laju Pengeringan (%BK.Jam) 5 4 3 2 1 1 y = 1,27ln(x) + 3,435 R² =,67 5 1 15 2 25 Waktu 72
Lampiran 22. PERHITUNGAN C DAN N Rumus dasar: 1 RH = e -ctme^n (1- RH) -1 = e ctme^n Ln (1- RH) -1 = c T Me n Ln ( ln ( 1-RH ) -1 ) = ln c + ln T + n ln Me Pengeringan T Ln T Ln Me Ln( ln (1-RH) -1) Matahari 35,4 5,722-1,698,713-1,725,676 312,1 5,743-1,766,523-1,952,52 Mekanis 33,1 5,799-1,951,138-1,917,142 349,4 5,856-1,924,845-1,766,421 368,5 5,99-1,818,219-1,867,262 T = 35,4 K T = 312,1 K T = 33,1 K T = 349,4 K T = 349,4 K,713 = 5,722 1,698n + ln c,676 = 5,722 1,752n +ln c --,37 =,27 n n = 1,37 c =,685,523 = 5,743 1,766 + ln c,52 = 5,743 1,952 +ln c --,3 =,186 n n =,16 c =,556,138 = 5,799 1,951 + ln c,142 = 5,799 1,917 +ln c -- -,4 = -,34 n n =,117 c =,437,845 = 5,856 1,924 + ln c,421 = 5,856 1,766 +ln c --,424 = -,156 n n = -,272 c =,242,219 = 5,99 1,924 + ln c,262 = 5,99 1,766 +ln c -- -,43 =,49 n n = -,877 c =,237 73
Lampiran 23. Data Psikrometrik pada pengeringan 3 o C tbk Tbb RH Ppv K 37,7833 34 77,81674 571,112,13471 37,325 34 79,84841 596,368,4762 37,19167 34 8,5688 515,153,78 37,45833 34 79,13549 587,583,8945 37,79167 34 77,38231 565,621,1595 38,9167 35 81,39321 5415,376,1285 38,61667 35 78,6159 538,842,13471 39 35 76,65135 5355,629,1484 39,41667 36 79,95418 5712,586,14835 39,85 36 77,7347 5684,134,14865 4,25 37 81,9545 657,619,14865 4,44167 37 8,1679 645,59,14956 39,16667 36 81,26515 5729,1,14895 39,4167 36 81,92917 5737,29,14986 39,125 36 81,48585 5731,737,1578 39,14167 36 81,39749 573,642,14895 39,8333 36 81,7719 5734,473,15233 39,375 36 8,1711 5715,321,15265 39,15833 36 81,3924 5729,548,15327 39,19167 36 81,1333 5727,359,15359 39,21667 36 81,114 5725,718,1539 39,36667 36 8,21456 5715,869,1539 39,7 36 78,49549 5693,983,15422 39,3833 36 8,51949 5719,699,15422 39,28333 36 8,6554 5721,34,15422 39,28333 36 8,6554 5721,34,15422 39,44167 36 79,82432 571,944,15422 39,575 35 73,811 5317,813,15422 39,325 36 8,43224 5718,64,15454 39,15833 35 75,8559 5345,216,15454 39,14167 36 81,39749 573,642,15454 39,175 36 81,2218 5728,454,15454 39,3 36 8,56315 572,246,15454 39,15 36 81,35335 573,95,15454 39,2833 36 81,458 5726,265,15454 39,25 36 8,82564 5723,529,15486 39,59167 35 73,7218 5316,717,15486 39,54167 35 73,96324 532,5,15486 39,3 36 8,56315 572,246,15486 39,1 36 81,61858 5733,378,15486 74
39,15833 37 86,9833 6129,168,15486 39,2833 37 86,717 6125,891,15486 39,25833 37 86,42276 6122,613,15518 39,3833 37 86,14541 6119,336,15518 39,2 37 86,74754 6126,437,15518 39,14167 36 81,39749 573,642,15518 39,175 36 81,2218 5728,454,15518 39,16667 36 81,26515 5729,1,15518 39,21625 37 86,65695 6125,372 Lampiran 24. Data Psikrometrik pada pengeringan 5 o C tbk Tbb RH Ppv 56,78 49 65,61941 11237,94 56,37 49 67,8459 11264,21 57,6 5 68,49883 11884,6 57,18 49 64,27436 11213,25 57,42 49 63,45966 11198,2 56,93 5 68,9514 11892,45 56,99 49 64,913 11224,81 57,23 5 67,87248 11873,62 57,29 49 63,87962 1125,9 57,13 5 68,25947 1188,42 57,5 5 66,9322 11856,88 57,8 5 68,4389 11883,55 57,97 51 69,12546 12517,44 57,78 5 65,97368 11839,63 58,82 51 66,1477 12464,36 57,41 5 67,25248 11862,64 58,93 51 65,77853 12457,6 57,6 5 68,49883 11884,6 57,28 5 67,69469 1187,48 57,29 5 67,66511 11869,96 56,93 5 68,9835 11892,97 56,98 49 64,95735 11225,86 57, 49 64,87154 11224,29 57,5 49 63,18138 11192,77 75
Lampiran 25. Data Psikrometrik pada pengeringan 7 o C tbk Tbb RH Ppv 77,9 68 68,9395 2898,69 76,35 67 68,28475 26856,11 75,49 65 63,61739 2444,74 74,93 64 65,94164 23387,75 73,3 63 6,12448 22213,89 74, 64 56,33858 23187,3 76,58 67 67,39272 26839,72 75,79 65 58,58542 24335,97 76,81 67 64,8259 26791,14 76,68 67 64,45175 26783,88 76,82 67 73,36677 26945,7 73,86 65 59,64267 24358,81 76,4 68 66,31846 285,56 77,24 69 71,91981 29428,32 76,44 67 64,76259 26789,91 76,71 67 65,31364 268,54 76,51 66 66,9863 25646,76 74,85 65 6,24871 24371,7 Lampiran 26. Data Psikrometrik pada pengeringan 9 o C tbk Tbb RH Ppv 93,27 82 64,18542 5867,64 94,3 83 64,32253 52969,13 93,86 82 62,7694 5844,49 95,24 84 64,67936 55145,4 94,54 83 63,73953 5296,1 95,9 84 65,4372 5515,83 95,52 84 64,1753 55135,43 95,53 84 64,17725 55137,85 95,12 84 64,98283 55149,93 95,8 84 63,34386 55125,17 94,89 83 62,964 52946,81 95,7 84 65,1467 55151,74 76
Lampiran 27. Perbandingan durasi nada gitar hasil pengeringan 9 C dan gitar standar pabrik Yamaha. Nada Gitar Waktu (detik) 9 C Yamaha Mulai Selesai Durasi (detik) (detik) (detik) G (196 Hz) 22,96 25,16 2,2 14,2 15,52 1,5 C (123 Hz) 7,63 9,88 2,25 4,51 5,39,88 F(87,3 Hz) 35,87 37,67 1,8 26,96 28,56 1,6 Lampiran 28. Perbandingan amplitudo nada gitar hasil pengeringan 9 C dan gitar standar pabrik Yamaha. Nada G (196 Hz) C (123 Hz) F(87,3 Hz) Gitar Amplitudo 9 C Yamaha,8,7 1,,6,55,95 77