DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI i. BAB I. PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1. Apakah instrumentasi dan Pengendalian Proses itu? 1 1.2. Tujuan Penulisan 1 BAB II. SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN INSTRUMENTASI & SISTEM KONTROL 3 2.1. Mengapa Diperlukan Pengukuran dan Pengontrolan 3 2.2. Sejarah Perkembangan Teknologi Instrumentasi 5 2.3. Perkembangan Architecture System control Proses 6 2.3.1. System Control Tradisional 6 2.3.2. System Control berbasis Computer 8 2.3.3. System Control Berbasis DCS 9 BAB III. MEASURING DEVICES (FLOW, LEVEL, PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE) 12 3.1. Umum 12 3.2. Pengukuran Aliran Fluida (Flow Measurements) 12 3.2.1. Umum 12 3.2.2. Pengelompokan (Categorization) 12 3.2.3. Pemasangan (Instalation) 13 3.2.4. Pemilihan (Selection) 14 3.2.5. Sifat Fisik Fluida 15 A. Viskositas ( μ ) 15 B. Rapat Massa (density) 17 C. Berat Jenis (specific gravity) 17 D. Bilangan Reynold 17 3.2.6. Alat Ukur Aliran Fluida 18 A. Differential Pressure Flowmeters (Head Flow Meter) 19 B. Variable Area Flowmeter (Rotameters) 30 C. Positive Displacement Flowmeters 33 D. Magnetic Meters 37 E. Turbine Meters 39 i
F. Coriolis Flowmeters 41 G. Target Flowmeters 43 H. Thermal Flowmeters 45 I. Ultrasonic Flowmeters 47 J. Vortex Flowmeters 51 3.3. Pengukuran Level Fluida (Level Measurements) 54 3.3.1. Umum 54 3.3.2. Pengelompokan (Categorization) 54 3.3.3. Alat Ukur Level (Level Measurement Devices) 55 A. Displacement Type 55 B. Differential Pressure Type 56 C. Capacitance Type 59 D. Ultrasonic Types 61 E. Radar Type 63 F. Radiation Type 64 3.4. Pengukuran Pressure (Pressure Measurements) 67 3.4.1. Umum 67 3.4.2. Pengelompokan dan Pemilihan Alat Ukur 67 3.4.3. Alat Ukur Tekanan 68 A. U tube 68 B. Bourdon Tube 70 C. Diaphragm Pressure Gage 73 D. Bellows Elements 75 E. McLeod Gages 76 3.5. Pengukuran Temperature (Temperature Measurements) 79 3.5.1. Umum 79 3.5.2. Macam Prinsip Alat Ukur Temperatur 79 3.5.3. Alat Ukur Tekanan 80 A. Bimetal Thermometer 80 B. Thermocouple 81 C. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) 84 D. Thermistor 86 E. Pyrometer 89 ii
BAB IV. TRANSMITTER, CONVERTER, INSTRUMENT SIGNAL, INDICATOR, CONTROLLER, RECORDER DAN CONTROL VALVE 4.1. Umum 92 4.2. Instrument Signal Transmission 93 4.2.1. Media Transmisi 93 4.2.2. Jenis Sinyal Instrumen 94 4.2.3. Pemilihan Sinyal Instrumen 94 4.3. Transmitter 95 4.3.1. Pneumatic Transmitter 95 A. Prinsip Kerja 95 B. Jenis-jenis Pneumatic Transmitter 96 4.3.2. Electronic Transmitter 97 A. Prinsip Kerja 97 B. Jenis-jenis Electronic Transmitter 98 4.4. Converter 99 4.4.1. I/P Transducer (electropneumatic transducer) 99 A. Indoor Mount Type 99 B. Explosion-proof type. 100 4.4.2. P/I Transducer (Pneumatic to Current transducer) 100 4.5. Instrument Indicator 101 4.5.1. Pneumatic Indicator 101 4.5.2. Electronic Indicator 102 4.6. Instrument Indicator 102 4.6.1. Pneumatic Recorder 102 4.6.2. Electronic Recorder 102 4.7. Instrument Controller 103 4.7.1. Pneumatic Controller 103 A. Local Controller 103 B. Panel Controller 103 4.7.2. Electronic Controller 104 A. Single Loop Controller 104 B. Multi Loop Controller 104 4.8. Control Valve 104 4.8.1. Umum 104 92 iii
4.8.2. Control Valve Body 105 A. Globe Valves 105 B. Rotary Valves 110 4.8.3. Karakteristik Aliran - Valve Plug 111 4.8.4. Actuator 112 A. Spring and Diaphragm actuators 113 B. Piston or Cylinder actuators 114 C. Electrohydraulic Actuators 115 D. Electric Actuators 116 E. Rack and Pinion Actuators 116 F. Manual Actuators 117 4.8.5. Control Valve Accessories 117 A. Positioners 117 B. Hand Wheel 119 C. Limit Switches 119 D. Solenoid Valve 119 E. Supply Pressure Regulator 120 4.8.6. Koefisien Valve Sizing (Cv) 120 A. Umum 120 B. Beberapa Defenisi 121 C. FCS Equations 122 BAB V. SISTEM CONTROL PROSES 127 5.1. Pendahuluan 127 5.2. Aspek-Aspek Desain Sistem Kontrol Proses 128 5.3. Elemen-Elemen Sistem Kontrol Proses 129 5.4. Algoritma Pengontrolan dari Controller 132 5.4.1. ON-OFF Control 132 5.4.2. Proportional Control (P Control) 132 5.4.3. Proportional Integral Control (PI Control) 133 5.4.4. Proportional Integral Derivative Control (PID Control) 135 5.5. Klasifikasi Aplikasi Sistem Kontrol Proses 137 5.5.1. Flow Control 137 5.5.2. Pressure Control 138 iv
5.5.3. Liquid-Level Control 138 5.5.4. Temperature Control 139 5.6. Klasifikasi Loop Control Process 140 5.6.1. Simple Control Loop (Basic Control Loop) 140 A. Closed Loop Control Feedback 140 B. Closed Loop Control Feedforward 141 5.6.2. Complicated Control Loop (Enhanced Regulatory Control) 141 A. Cascade Control 142 B. Splite Range Control 143 C. Ratio Control 144 D. Auto Selector Control 145 BAB. VI DCS YOKOGAWA CENTUM-XL KILANG UP-VI BALONGAN 146 6.1. Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL 146 6.1.1. Man Machine Interface (EOPS) 147 A. EOPS (Enhanced Operator Station) 147 B. EOPC (Enhanced Operator Console) 149 C. EPRT2 Serial Printer 149 D. ECHU2 Color Hard Copy Unit 149 6.1.2. Process Control Function (EFCD) 150 A. EFCS Field Control Station 150 B. EFCD Duplexed Field Control Station 153 6.1.3. Data Communication Facilities 156 A. HF-BUS 156 B. SV -Net 156 6.2. Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL 156 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 158 v