Semester 1, 2018-2019 Kristal-Mineral TGS7113-2 SKS teori by: Dr. hil. gendoet hartono
History of Mineralogy + Ilmu mineral dimulai dengan Renaissance (Agricola, De Re Metallica 1556 Pertambangan dan Metode Metalurgi + Nicolas Steno (Denmark: Niels Stensen) sudut wajah kristal Konstan 1669) + 1700 s pengukuran geometri kristal dan konsep simetri René Just Haüy berupa satuan sel + Pengukuran yang tepat dari 1800-an simetri kristal bidang kristalografi, kimia analitik menyebabkan klasifikasi kimia mineral + 1800-an - penciptaan mikroskop polarisasi membuka bidang petrografi dan studi sifat optik mineral
+ 1900-an - sinar-x pengukuran difraksi memungkinkan untuk pengukuran tepat dari simetri internal dan struktur mineral + 1960 - pengembangan microprobe elektron memungkinkan untuk akurat dalam analisis kimia mineral in situ + 1970 - pengembangan mikroskop transmisi elektron memungkinkan untuk visualisasi struktur atom dan simetri + 1980 - microprobe ion memungkinkan untuk mempelajari komposisi isotop mineral + Awal tahun 2000 untuk menyajikan - penelitian tentang peran cairan asam dan dasar dalam metamorfisme menggunakan P & T tinggi
Humans cannot survive without minerals 16 minerals needed for humans to survive.03% of what we eat but we would not survive without the minerals Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorous
KRISTALOGRAFI: Disiplin ilmu geologi, yang mempelajari bentuk luar kristal, sifat-sifat dan penggambarannya. MINERALOGI: Cabang ilmu geologi yang mempelajari asal-usul (genesa) mineral, sifat fisik dan kimia, serta klasifikasi dan pemanfaatannya.
KRISTAL: benda padat homogen, berbentuk polihedral (banyak bidang) teratur, dibatasi bidang permukaan yang licin sebagai expresi struktur di dalamnya. MINERAL: benda padat homogen yang dihasilkan secara alamiah, berupa senyawa anorganik, mempunyai sifat fisik dan kimia tertentu, umumnya berbentuk kristalin.
The earth is made of rocks, which are in turn made of minerals. In this part of the course we'll learn how to identify common minerals and rocks. In order for something to be classified as a mineral, it must meet five (5) criterion: Minerals are: 1. Naturally occurring, 2. Inorganic, 3. Have known chemical compositions 4. Have definite physical properties. 5. Are solid They are usually (although not always) crystalline.
Characteristics of ALL minerals: (INSCC) Inorganic Crystal system never alive repeating pattern with flat not from sides (called faces) something most are only visible with alive a microscope rocks can have organic matter Chemical composition Naturally some single element in occurring pure form (native elements) like copper, not synthetic diamond, sulfur or artificial Solid most are compounds like quartz (SiO at room 2 ) and cinnabar temperature (HgS) rocks are mixtures
Definition Mineral adalah benda padat yang terjadi secara alami dengan susunan atom yang sangat teratur dan komposisi (tapi tidak tetap) kimia tertentu. Hal ini biasanya dibentuk oleh proses-proses anorganik
Suatu benda padat homogen yg terdapat di alam, terbentuk scr anorganik, dgn komposisi kimia pd batas-batas tertentu & mempunyai atom- atom yg tersusun secara teratur (Berry & Mason).
"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995). "Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990). "A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968). "These... minerals...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966). "A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932). "Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties, constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898)
Mafic silicate Felsic silicate
How Minerals Form Cooling Magma/Lava Superheated Water (Hydrothermal Veins) Hot Springs Evaporites (Salts: Halite, Gypsum) Organic Deposits (Deep Sea Microorganisms) Sedimentary Deposits Volcanic Vents (Sulfur)
See u next week.