THE APPLICATION OF TURN TAKING SYSTEMATICS IN DR. CIPTO ENGLISH CONVERSATION GROUP

Transkripsi

1 THE APPLICATION OF TURN TAKING SYSTEMATICS IN DR. CIPTO ENGLISH CONVERSATION GROUP A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Letters Study Programme By Maria Monita Yuliani Student Number: ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY OF LETTERS SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2004

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i PAGES OF APPROVAL ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v ABSTRACT viii ABSTRAK ix CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Scope of the Study Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of Terms CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW Conversation Turn - Taking The General Rules of Turn - Taking Turn Taking s Rule Turn Taking s Rule Turn Taking s Rule Overlapping Overlapping Interruption

3 2.4 Factors Influence the Turn - Taking Gender Power Topic CHAPTER III : METHODS OF STUDY Data Collection Participants Instruments Interview Observation Recording Procedure Attending the Conversation Recording Transcribe the Record Library Research Data Analysis CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Turn Taking Systematics Occurred in Dr. Cipto English Conversation Speaker change recurs, or at least occurs Overwhelmingly, one party talks at a time Occurences of more than one speaker at a time are common, but brief Turn order is not fixed, but varies

4 4.1.5 Turn size is not fixed, but varies Relative distribution of turns is not specified in Advance Number of parties can vary Talk can be continuous or discontinuous Various turn constructional units are employed for the production of the talk that occupies a turn Repair-mechanism exist for dealing with turn-taking errors and violations Factors influence the occurrence of turn taking Systematics Gender Power Topic Turn taking systematics that are not applied in Dr. Cipto English Conversation Transition (from one turn to a next) with no gap and no overlap is common Length of conversation is not specified in advance What parties say is not specified in advance Turn allocation techniques are used CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

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6 ABSTRACT The most important thing in learning a language is how we can use it in the communication. It is because a language ability is different from a science. A language ability has to be spoken not only read. The objectives of this research, moreover, is to analyze the application of turn taking systematics in Dr. Cipto English Conversation and to find the factors which influence the participation in conversation. Based on the objectives, the writer would observe, record and transcribe the conversation in order to do the analysis easier. In addition, the writer would also make an interview in order to know the background of each participant that may influence the application of turn taking systematics. Based on the observation and the transcriptions, the writer could see that some turn taking systematics are applied as a result of the influence of age and education and topic as well. The influence of age, education and topic also determine how the turn taking goes in this conversation. There is a time when overlapping and interruption are not done at all in the turn taking as a result of an uninteresting topic of discussion Although interruption in turn taking is considered a violation in a speaking turn (since a next speaker can start to speak after the previous finish), the participants in Dr. Cipto English Conversation consider overlapping and interruption as something that should be done in order to learn to speak. The overlapping and interruption, according to them, indicate the enthusiasm not only in learning to speak but also in the topic of the discussion.

7 ABSTRAK Hal terpenting dalam mempelajari suatu bahasa adalah bagaimana kita dapat menggunakannya dalam berkomunikasi. Hal ini disebabkan kemampuan berbahasa berbeda dengan dengan ilmu pengetahuan ilmiah, karena kemampuan berbahasa tidak bisa hanya dengan dibaca melainkan harus dipraktekan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisa penggunaan turn taking systematics di Dr. Cipto English Conversation Group dan untuk mencari factor factor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi dari para partisipan English conversation ini. Oleh karena itu, berdasarkan pada tujuan diatas, penulis akan melakukan observasi, merekam dan membuat transkrip percakapan yang bertujuan untuk memudahkan dalam menganalisa percakapan dalam conversation group ini. Disamping tiu pula, penulis juga akin melakukan wawancara untuk mengetahui latar belakang para partisipan yang mungkin mempengaruhi penggunaan turn taking systematics di English conversation group ini. Sebagai hasil dari observasi dan transkrip - transkrip percakapan tersebut, penulis dapat melihat bahwa beberapa turn taking systematics yang digunakan dalam conversation ini diengaruhi oleh factor usia, topik dan latar pendidikan. Pengaruh dari usia, latar belakang pendidikan dan topik menentukan bagaimana turn taking ini berjalan. Bahkan dapat dilihat bahwa ada kalanya overlapping dan interruption tidak digunakan sama sekali yang merupakan akibat dari pengaruh topik yang dianggap kurang menarik untuk didiskusikan. Meski interruption dalam turn taking dianggap mengganggu percakapan (karena seharusnya seseorang mulai berbicara setelah pembicara sebelumnya selesai berbicara), para partisipan di Dr. Cipto English Conversation Group menganggap sebaliknya. Bagi mereka, dilakukan sebagai tanda akan ketertarikan tidak hanya untuk belajar berbicara bahasa Inggris tetapi juga sebagai tanda akan rasa keingin tahuan terhadap topik.