Classification of Microorganisms (Bacteria, Yeast and Mold) Mochamad Nurcholis

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Suharto Chandra
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1 Classification of Microorganisms (Bacteria, Yeast and Mold) Mochamad Nurcholis

2 OVERVIEW Monera Classification Eubacteria Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Fungi Classification Yeast Mold Mushroom Eukaryotes

3 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Classification of Bacteria Classification of Yeast Classification of Mold

6 Levels of Classification Domain (3) - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom 5 Monera Plantae Protista Animalia Fungi Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species

7 Classification based on Domain Insert figure 1.15 Woese-Fox System

10 Perbedaan Sel Prokariota dan Eukariota

11 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Classification of Bacteria Classification of Yeast Classification of Mold

12 Bacteria Prokaryotes unicellular organism µm x 2 5 µm One molecule DNA without membrane (nucleolid) Ribosome contain only one type RNA polymerase

13 Bacteria Cell Structure Capsule & Slime Layer Cell Wall Cytoplasm & Membranes Pili & Flagella Plasmid Ribosom Nucleoid Some bacteria produce Endospore

14 Bacteria Classification Classified based on : Energy metabolism : autotrophic & heterotrophic Endospore forming Oxygen needed : aerobic & anaerobic Motility flagella Shape coccus, bacillus, spirals, vibrio Gram Staining Gram (+) and Gram (-)

15 Bacteria Shape Coccus Bacillus Spirilium Vibrio Spirochetes

17 Flagella Motility - movement Arrangement basis for classification Monotrichous; 1 flagella Lophotrichous; tuft at one end Amphitrichous; both ends Peritrichous; all around bacteria

18 Reproduction & Genetics Transfer Binary Fission Budding Fragmentation Conjugation Transformation Transduction

19 Binary Fission

20 CONJUGATION

21 Transduction

22 Endospore Forming Bacteria Resistant structure Heat, irradiation, cold Boiling >1 hr still viable Takes time and energy to make spores Location important in classification Central, Sub terminal, Terminal Bacillus stearothermophilus -spores Used for quality control of heat sterilization equipment

24 Escherichia coli Karakteristik : Enterobacteriaceae Gram (-) Flagellated rod-shaped Facultative anaerob Oxidase (-) Indole (+) Citrate (-) Ferments glucose Producing acid & gas Optimum o C

25 Enterobacteriaceae Salmonellosis Karakteristik Salmonella spp Facultative anaerob Gram (-) Rods shape

Staphylococcus aureus 1 Present in skin & nasopharinx area of human & animal 2 Growth in danger zone temperature of food (5-60 o C) 3 Optimal temp ; 18-40 o C 4 Grow at lower Aw (<0,85) 5 Can utilize

26 Staphylococcus aureus 1 Present in skin & nasopharinx area of human & animal 2 Growth in danger zone temperature of food (5-60 o C) 3 Optimal temp ; o C 4 Grow at lower Aw (<0,85) 5 Can utilize mannitol 6 Produce Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) 7 Intoxication : vomit & diarrhea (without fever) 8 Intoxication : 4-12 h after consumption of food contaminated SEs 9 10 Foods commonly associated with SEs : deli meats (ham), deli salads (ham, chicken, potato, cream puff) Level S. aureus > 10 6 CFU/g sufficient to produce enough SEs toxin

28 Archaea Cell wall not have peptidoglycan Most live in extreme environments : temperature, ph, oxygen concentration or salinity Ribosome contain some type RNA polymerase Have distinctive lipids in their membranes 2 group : Crenarchaeota & Euryarchaeota

29 1. Crenarchaeota Most are acidophil and thermopiles H 2 S as source of energy Life in hot sulfur springs, die of cold at 131 C ex. Sulfolobus

30 2. Euryarchaeota 1. Some methanogens, produce CH 4 from CO 2 Responsible for 80-90% atmospheric methane Ex. Lachnospira multiparus, Ruminococcus albus 2. Some halophiles Pigment bacteriorhodopsin

31 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Classification of Bacteria Classification of Yeast Classification of Mold

32 Yeast / Khamir Saccharomyces Candida Unicellular fungi P 1-50 µm x L 1-10 µm Budding, Binary fission, Budding Fission & sporulasi Slime Capsule, heterotrof

33 Yeast Reproduction

34 True Yeast Sporogenous Ascomycetes Ex. Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Debaryomyces, hanseniaspora dan Nadsonia Fungi imperfecti Asporogneous (Wild yeast) Ex. Torulopsis Candida, Rhodotorula, Brettanomyces, Kloeckera dan Trichosporon False Yeast

35 Peranan Yeast Wine Bread Beer

36 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Classification of Bacteria Classification of Yeast Classification of Mold

37 Mycology Myco Mycota : jamur Logy Logos : ilmu Fungi jamur ( jamak ) Fungus jamur ( tunggal)

38 Eukariota Multiseluler Karakteristik Mold Memiliki hifa dan miselium (kumpulan hifa) Non motil Non vascular Heterotrof Reproduksi seksual & aseksual

39 Reproduksi Spora (Seksual & Aseksual) Terbentuk : Hifa (fragmentasi) Di dalam sporangia Fruiting bodies (badan buah) Penicillium hyphae Pilobolus sporangia Amanita fruiting body

40 Klasifikasi Fungi Berdasarkan jenis spora Phylum : a. Chytridiomycota b. Ascomycota c. Zygomycota d. Basidiomycota

41 zygosporangia asci basidia motile spores Classification & Phylogeny

42 Chytridiomycota chytrids Simple fungi Produce motile spores Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats Could just as well be Protists Ex. Chytridium Chytridium growing on spores

43 Non septat hyphae Spora seksual : askospora Kotak spora : ascus (jamak : asci) Penyatuan seksual dalam askus Bentuk askospora bermacam-macam Contoh : Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Monascus, Penicillium dll Ascomycota

44 Ascomycota Life Cycle

45 Zygomycota Spora seksual : zygospora Zygospora penggabungan 2 hifa serupa, mungkin dari miselium yg sama / beda Contoh : Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Mucor, dll.

46 Plasmogami Sexual Cycle Somatic Hyphae Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore Asexual sporangium with spores inside Germination Asexual Cycle Life Cycle of Rhizopus sp.

47 Basidiomycota Multiselular fungi Spora seksual : basidiospora Terdapat dlm basidium Basidiokarp (fruiting bodies) Miselia besar, membentuk badan buah (fruiting bodies) Septate hyphae

49 Basidiomycota fruiting bodies mycelium

50 Basidiomycota Volvariella volvacea (j. merang) Auricularia polytricha (j. kuping) Agaricus bosporus (j. kancing) Amanita phaloides (j. champignon) Pleurotus ostreatus (j. tiram) Boletus edulis Amanita muscaria

52 Molds / Kapang Filamentous Fungi Rapidly growth Sexual & Asexual Spores Ex. Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium, Neurospora, Saprolegnia, etc Rhizopus pada Strawberry Food spoilage Food products Antibiotics, etc. Noble Rot - Botrytis

53 Peranan Jamur Dekomposer (Saprofit) Agen pembusuk makanan (Food spoilage), penghasil toksin (mikotoksin : aflatoksin) Food Industry : produk fermentasi (tempe, keju, kecap, oncom, tauco, keju, tape, asam organik) Jamur Konsumsi kebanyakan Basidiomycota Penghasil enzim (amilase) Antibiotic : Pennicillium pennicillin Penyebab penyakit infeksi

54 TUGAS INDIVIDU Buatlah tabel perbedaan antara prokariota dan eukariota! Buatlah tabel perbedaan khamir, jamur, bakteri Jelaskan perbedaan spora bakteri dengan spora jamur!

55 REFERENCES Talaro KP Foundation in Microbiology 6th Edition. The McGraw Hill Companies. Ray B Fundamental Food Microbiology. CRC Press. Boca Raton. Pelczar and Chan Elements of Microbiology. McGraw Hill Book Company. Tortora et al. Scientific articles from internet/website

56 Te Ri Ma Ka Sih

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