Expectation. Click to edit Master text styles. Second level. Third level Fourth level. Fifth level

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1 Expectation Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level

2 RESEARCH MISCONDUCT Adi Utarini Program Pra-Doktor FK UGM, April 2014

3 Perjalanan panjang telah dimulai o t k st a M t i ed l e v e dl lic on el C Sec lev rd el lev xt e t er s e l sty

4 Perjalanan panjang telah dimulai o t k st a M t i ed l e v e dl lic on el C Sec lev rd el lev xt e t er s e l sty

5 Perjalanan panjang telah dimulai o t k st a M t i ed l e v e dl lic on el C Sec lev rd el lev xt e t er s e l sty

6 Tujuan Sesi Meningkatkan kepedulian terhadap masalah research misconduct Memahami panduan untuk mencegah research misconduct

7 Bagian I. Memahami Research Misconduct

8 Academic Integrity: Prinsip-prinsip moral yang diterapkan dalam lingkungan akademik, terutama yang terkait dengan kebenaran, keadilan, kejujuran

9 Jenis Academic Misconduct Kecurangan Plagiarisme Falsifikasi/fabrikasi Kolusi Deceit Plagiarisme Kecurangan Falsifikasi/fabrikasi Kolusi Deceit

10 Definisi research misconduct "Research Misconduct" means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scholarly community for proposing, conducting, publishing or otherwise reporting research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data.

11 Definisi research misconduct (Office of Research Integrity, US DHHS) Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in: proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

12 Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Definisi

13 Definisi Plagiarisme Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver (American Association of University Professors; 1989, cited from Roig M) Appropriating an idea (eg explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphod) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving credit to its originator including self-plagiarism

14

15 Example of Fabrication

16

17 Example of Falsification

18 Examples of improper image manipulations (JCB: , 2004)

19 Manipulated images (left)- cut individual band and paste it to a new image -revealed by contrast adjustment (right) NCB 5: , 2003/Corrigendum in NCB 6: 373, 2004

20 Contoh Plagiarisme Original text: Minor league baseball historically is as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades. It is still small-town U.S.A., in feel if not in fact (Rielly 206). Plagiarized version: Baseball s minor leagues are historically as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades seen in small-town USA. Source: Rielly, Edward J. Baseball: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Print.

21 Contoh: Original text: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

22 Contoh baik : Original text: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001) Parafrase dengan sitasi: There remains debate as to where HIV-related tuberculosis can be treated with short course regimens that include rifampin (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

23 Contoh plagiarisme: Original text: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001) Parafrase tanpa sitasi: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regimens that include rifampin can effectively treat HIV-related TB

24 Plagiarisme..

25 Types of plagiarism HYBRID RECYCLE REMIX: FIND-REPLACE CTRL-C RE-TWEET AGGREGATOR: 404ERROR MASHUP CLONE CLONE: exactly the same RECYCLE: borrow generously from author s previous work CTRL-C: FIND-REPLACE: changing key-words and phrases paraphrases from multiple sources HYBRID: MASHUP: mixes 404ERROR: significant portions of text combines perfectly cited sources with copied pasagges without citation AGGREGATO R: Proper citation but no original work copied material from multiple sources RE-TWEET: Proper citation, relies heavily on text s original work REMIX: Inaccurate information of sources

26 How often?

27 Publikasi tentang Misconduct & Plagiarisme Chamon W, 2013, Editorial

28 Implikasi Research Misconduct Biaya 17 kasus research misconduct : US$ 116,160US$2,192,620 per kasus yang dilaporkan oleh ORI (Gammon and Ranzini, 2013) Sanksi: Artikel, dana penelitian dibatalkan Status sebagai PI, peneliti, mahasiswa dicabut Gelar dibatalkan.. Social cost: kepercayaan masyarakat, reputasi peneliti, reputasi institusi Permendiknas 17 tahun 2010 ttg pencegahan dan penanggulangan plagiat di Perguruan Tinggi

29 Berakibat fatal

30 Why Does It Occur? Poor supervision Too much work Lack of time Lack of training Lack of interest Incentives Fame and fortune Prove a held theory Cut corners

31 If in doubt, don t do it

32 Bagian II. Meningkatkan Research Integrity dengan Mencegah Plagiarisme

33 Tanggungjawab Peneliti Mencegah research misconduct Menjamin integritas penelitian Melaporkan research misconduct Melaporkan yang bersikap menentang terhadap pelaporan research misconduct

34 Singapore Statement of Research Integrity (World Congress of Research Integrity, 2010) Four Principles Honesty in all aspects of research Accountability in the conduct of research Professional courtesy & fairness in working with others Good stewardship of research on behalf of others

35 27 Guidelines Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing (Roig M)

36 Ghost author tidak etis, tidak dapat diterima G 26 G 16 Penulis harus berusaha keras untuk memperoleh [membaca langsung] actual published paper G 23 Penetapan tim penulis dibahas sebelum melakukan kolaborasi riset dan mengacu pada panduan misalnya ICMJE Penulis yang etis selalu menyebutkan kontribusi penulis lain dan sumber ide-idenya G1 Key Guidelines (Roig M)

37 Key Guidelines: G2-4 Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in quotation marks. Acknowledge every source that we use; whether we paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations. When we summarize, we condense, in our own words, a substantial amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a sentence.

38 Key Guidelines: G5-7 Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing, always identify the source of our information. When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others work we must reproduce the exact meaning of the other author s ideas or facts using our words and sentence structure. In order to make substantial modifications to the original text that result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough understanding of the ideas and terminology being used.

39 Key Guideline: G 8-9 A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to readers, and to the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect others ideas and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and whenever possible, to use one s own words when paraphrasing. When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is common knowledge, provide a citation.

40 Revisi, revisi dan revisi Click to edit Master te Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level

41 Many people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character Albert Einstein