PENGARUH ENAM JENIS AGEN FITOREMEDIASI DAN KOMBINASINYA TERHADAP PENURUNAN KONSENTRASI LOGAM BESI DAN KUALITAS AIR SUMUR

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1 PENGARUH ENAM JENIS AGEN FITOREMEDIASI DAN KOMBINASINYA TERHADAP PENURUNAN KONSENTRASI LOGAM BESI DAN KUALITAS AIR SUMUR Mahasiswa: Rizky Zulkarnaen Program Studi Magister Biologi SITH, Pembimbing: Dr. Devi N. Choesin Gelar: Magister Sains (M.Si), Wisuda Juli 2008 ABSTRAK Pencemaran logam besi pada air sumur di sebagian Kota Bandung merupakan kendala dalam pemanfaatan air sumur oleh masyarakat. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, perlu dilakukan kajian tentang potensi teknik fitoremediasi untuk dikembangkan sebagai alternatif solusi. Fitoremediasi adalah penggunaan tumbuhan untuk menghilangkan zat pencemar secara parsial dan substansial dari tanah, lumpur, sedimen, air tanah, air permukaan dan air limbah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi enam jenis tumbuhan lahan basah, secara terpisah maupun dalam kombinasi, sebagai agen fitoremediasi untuk menurunkan konsentrasi besi sehingga memperbaiki kualitas air sumur. Keenam jenis tumbuhan tersebut terdiri dari dua jenis tumbuhan mengapung [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms dan Pistia stratiotes L.], dua jenis tumbuhan tenggelam [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle dan Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L.] dan dua jenis tumbuhan mencuat [Typha angustifolia L. dan Cyperus papyrus L.]. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu tahap pertama merupakan tahap seleksi untuk mencari agen fitoremediasi terbaik dari masing-masing bentuk hidup (mengapung, tenggelam dan mencuat). Pada tahap kedua, tumbuhan hasil seleksi dikombinasikan dalam suatu sistem lahan basah dimana kolom air diisi dengan tumbuhan mengapung, tenggelam dan mencuat. Kriteria seleksi didasarkan pada laju penurunan besi tertinggi. Setiap perlakuan fitoremediasi dilakukan selama 15 hari. Parameter pengukuran mencakup parameter penurunan besi, parameter kualitas air, dan parameter tumbuhan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan pada tingkat signifikansi 5%. Laju penurunan besi pada tahap pertama adalah sebagai berikut: E. crassipes ((8,0 ± 3,1)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) b, P. stratiotes ((1,0 ± 0,5)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) d, H. verticillata ((4,5 ± 0,3)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) c, V. spiralis ((7,9 ± 1,5)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) b, T. angustifolia ((10,6 ± 1,0)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) a, dan C. papyrus ((3,2 ± 1,0)x10-1 mgl -1 hari -1 ) c. Hasil seleksi digunakan pada tahap kedua untuk membuat model kombinasi EVT, yang terdiri dari tumbuhan mengapung E. crassipes, tumbuhan tenggelam V. spiralis, dan tumbuhan mencuat T. angustifolia. Model kombinasi EVT sendiri menunjukkan laju penurunan besi sebesar ((13,2 ± 1,2)x10-2 mgl -1 hari -1 ) a. Secara umum, keenam jenis tumbuhan dan kombinasi EVT memperbaiki kualitas air dalam hal kandungan besi, ph, konduktivitas, suhu air, turbiditas dan TDS, walaupun dengan

2 pola bervariasi. Semua jenis tumbuhan mengakumulasi besi lebih banyak pada bagian akar daripada taruk, kecuali T. angustifolia yang memiliki kandungan besi lebih besar pada taruk daripada akar. Efektifitas tumbuhan dalam mengakumulasi logam besi dijabarakan dalam urutan nilai BCF (Biological Concentration Factor) sebagai berikut: E. crassipes (9507,80 ± 791,32) < P. stratiotes (7121,54 ± 1937,01) < kombinasi EVT (4608,63 ± 1656,02) H. verticillata (3890,73 ± 1128,16) T. angustifolia (2608,57 ± 0,00) V. spiralis (1193,37 ± 29,83) < C. papyrus (627,58 ± 0,00). Toleransi tumbuhan terhadap keberadaan logam besi dijabarkan dalam urutan indeks toleransi sebagai berikut: E. crassipes-evt (324,5 ± 52,1 %) < T. angustifolia-evt (235,2 ± 44,0 %) < V. spiralis-evt (183,6 ± 41,2 %) < E. crassipes (155,5 ± 3,4 %) < P. stratiotes (132,5 ± 29,3 %) < C. papyrus (100,0 ± 0,0 %) < T. angustifolia (80,0 ± 28,3 %) H. Verticillata (77,8 ± 1,6 %) < V. Spiralis (-30,9 ± 7,7 %). Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa agen fitoremediasi E. crassipes, T. angustifolia, H. verticillata, V. spiralis dan kombinasi EVT (E. Crassipes V. spiralis T. angustifolia) berpotensi sebagai agen fitoremediasi dalam menurunkan konsentrasi besi sehingga dapat memperbaiki kualitas air sumur, agar air dapat digunakan oleh masyarakat. Kata kunci: BCF, Cyperus papyrus L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, indeks toleransi, kualitas air, laju penurunan besi, model kombinasi lahan basah, Pistia stratiotes L., Typha angustifolia L., Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L..

3 THE EFFECTS OF SIX PHYTOREMEDIATION AGENTS AND THEIR COMBINATION ON IRON REMOVAL AND WELL WATER QUALITIES Student: Rizky Zulkarnaen Magister Program in Biology, School of Life Science and Technology-ITB Advisor: Dr. Devi N. Choesin Degree: Master of Science (M.Si), Conferred Juli 2008 ABSTRACT Iron contamination in wells around Bandung city has become a hindrance to water usage by the community. To overcome this problem, studies are needed on the potential to develop phytoremediation techniques as an alternative solution. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove pollutants, both partially or substantially, from soil, mud, sediment, groundwater, run-off and wastewater. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the potential of six wetland plant species, both separately and in combination, as phytoremediation agents to decrease iron concentration in order to improve well water qualities. The six phytoremediation agents consisted of two floating plants [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes L.], two submerged plants [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L.], and two emergent plants [Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus papyrus L.]. The study was conducted in two phases, the first phase was a selection phase to determine the most effective phytoremediation agent from each life form (floating, submerged and emergent). In the second phase, the most effective species selected from the previous phase were then combined in a simulated wetland system, with a water column filled with floating, submerse and emergent plants. Selection criteria was based on the highest iron removal rates. Each phytoremediation treatment was conducted for a 15 day period. Measurement parameters included iron parameters, water quality parameters, and plant parameters. The experimental design was a randomized complete design. Data were analyzed by ANOVA continued with Duncan test at 5% significance level. Iron removal rates in the first phase were: E. crassipes ((8,0 ± 3,1)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) b, P. stratiotes ((1,0 ± 0,5)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) d, H. verticillata ((4,5 ± 0,3)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) c, V. spiralis ((7,9 ± 1,5)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) b, T. angustifolia ((10,6 ± 1,0)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) a, and C. papyrus ((3,2 ± 1,0)x10-1 mgl -1 day -1 ) c. The results from the selection phase were then used to build an EVT combination model that consisted of the floating plant E. crassipes, submerged plant V. spiralis, and emergent plant T. angustifolia. The EVT model combination itself showed a iron removal rate of ((13,2 ± 1,2)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) a. In general, the six plant species and their combination improved water qualities in terms of iron content, ph, conductivity, water temperature, turbidity and TDS, although patterns varied. All plant

4 species accumulated much more iron in roots than in shoots, except for T. angustifolia that accumulated higher iron in shoots. Iron accumulation in plants was described by BCF (Biological Concentration Factor) with the following results: E. crassipes ( ± ) < P. stratiotes ( ± ) < EVT combination ( ± ) H. verticillata ( ± ) T. angustifolia ( ± 0.00) V. spiralis ( ± 29.83) < C. papyrus ( ± 0.00). Plant iron tolerance was described by a tolerance indeces in the order of: E. crassipes-evt (324.5 ± 52.1 %) < T. angustifolia-evt (235.2 ± 44.0 %) < V. spiralis-evt (183.6 ± 41.2 %) < E. crassipes (155.5 ± 3.4 %) < P. stratiotes (132.5 ± 29.3 %) < C. papyrus (100.0 ± 0.0 %) < T. angustifolia (80.0 ± 28.3 %) H. verticillata (77.8 ± 1.6 %) < V. spiralis (-30.9 ± 7.7 %). Based on the results, it can be concluded that phytoremediation agents as E. crassipes, T. angustifolia, H. verticillata, V. spiralis and EVT combination (E. crassipes V. spiralis T. angustifolia) have potential to improve water quality, specifically in decreasing iron concentration, and thus improving well water quality for human use. Keywords: BCF, Cyperus papyrus L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, iron removal rates, Pistia stratiotes L., Typha angustifolia L., tolerance indeces, Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L., water qualities, wetland combination model.

5 THE EFFECTS OF SIX PHYTOREMEDIATION AGENTS AND THEIR COMBINATION ON IRON REMOVAL AND WELL WATER QUALITIES Student: Rizky Zulkarnaen Magister Program in Biology, School of Life Science and Technology-ITB Advisor: Dr. Devi N. Choesin Degree: Master of Science (M.Si), Conferred Juli 2008 ABSTRACT Iron contamination in wells around Bandung city has become a hindrance to water usage by the community. To overcome this problem, studies are needed on the potential to develop phytoremediation techniques as an alternative solution. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove pollutants, both partially or substantially, from soil, mud, sediment, groundwater, run-off and wastewater. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the potential of six wetland plant species, both separately and in combination, as phytoremediation agents to decrease iron concentration in order to improve well water qualities. The six phytoremediation agents consisted of two floating plants [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes L.], two submerged plants [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L.], and two emergent plants [Typha angustifolia L. and Cyperus papyrus L.]. The study was conducted in two phases, the first phase was a selection phase to determine the most effective phytoremediation agent from each life form (floating, submerged and emergent). In the second phase, the most effective species selected from the previous phase were then combined in a simulated wetland system, with a water column filled with floating, submerse and emergent plants. Selection criteria was based on the highest iron removal rates. Each phytoremediation treatment was conducted for a 15 day period. Measurement parameters included iron parameters, water quality parameters, and plant parameters. The experimental design was a randomized complete design. Data were analyzed by ANOVA continued with Duncan test at 5% significance level. Iron removal rates in the first phase were: E. crassipes ((8,0 ± 3,1)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) b, P. stratiotes ((1,0 ± 0,5)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) d, H. verticillata ((4,5 ± 0,3)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) c, V. spiralis ((7,9 ± 1,5)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) b, T. angustifolia ((10,6 ± 1,0)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) a, and C. papyrus ((3,2 ± 1,0)x10-1 mgl -1 day -1 ) c. The results from the selection phase were then used to build an EVT combination model that consisted of the floating plant E. crassipes, submerged plant V. spiralis, and emergent plant T. angustifolia. The EVT model combination itself showed a iron removal rate of ((13,2 ± 1,2)x10-2 mgl -1 day -1 ) a. In general, the six plant species and their combination improved water qualities in terms of iron content, ph, conductivity, water temperature, turbidity and TDS, although patterns varied. All plant

6 species accumulated much more iron in roots than in shoots, except for T. angustifolia that accumulated higher iron in shoots. Iron accumulation in plants was described by BCF (Biological Concentration Factor) with the following results: E. crassipes ( ± ) < P. stratiotes ( ± ) < EVT combination ( ± ) H. verticillata ( ± ) T. angustifolia ( ± 0.00) V. spiralis ( ± 29.83) < C. papyrus ( ± 0.00). Plant iron tolerance was described by a tolerance indeces in the order of: E. crassipes-evt (324.5 ± 52.1 %) < T. angustifolia-evt (235.2 ± 44.0 %) < V. spiralis-evt (183.6 ± 41.2 %) < E. crassipes (155.5 ± 3.4 %) < P. stratiotes (132.5 ± 29.3 %) < C. papyrus (100.0 ± 0.0 %) < T. angustifolia (80.0 ± 28.3 %) H. verticillata (77.8 ± 1.6 %) < V. spiralis (-30.9 ± 7.7 %). Based on the results, it can be concluded that phytoremediation agents as E. crassipes, T. angustifolia, H. verticillata, V. spiralis and EVT combination (E. crassipes V. spiralis T. angustifolia) have potential to improve water quality, specifically in decreasing iron concentration, and thus improving well water quality for human use. Keywords: BCF, Cyperus papyrus L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, iron removal rates, Pistia stratiotes L., Typha angustifolia L., tolerance indeces, Vallisneria spiralis Auct. Non L., water qualities, wetland combination model.